Case Study of Cairns at Heron Queensland Australia

Question: Discuss about theCase Study of Cairnsat Heron Queensland Australia. Answer: Introduction The Aboriginal are considered the indigenous people in Australia. There were 670000 Aboriginal people in 2011 and are estimated to grow to 721000 by the year 2012. They form 3% of the total Australian population. Queensland has 4.2% population of the Aboriginal people. This is second to Northern Territory that has 29.8% of the total Aboriginal population. The population of Aboriginal has a growth rate of 2.2% per year (McKennitt, 2012). The Aboriginal people are known of smoking tobacco that has lead to high mortality and morbidity for the community. Smoking of tobacco has been generally accepted in the society that has caused health complications like diabetes, cancer and blood pressure [1, 7, 18]. This project will outline the prevalence and the factors that contribute to the state of smoking among the Aboriginal people in Queensland. This will help health organizations and the government to offer assistance and interventions to reduce adverse effect of smoking in Australia. Significance of the Project According to the Australian government department of Heath, Smoking costs Australia AU$31.5 per year. This includes expenses in health and economic costs. It also records that smoking is responsible for 15000deaths per year in Australia (Korff, 2016). It is estimated that 34.9% of the Aboriginal people smoke by 2015. These levels are high compared to the rest of the Australian population where it 12.9% only. The government has been pursing it goal of reducing smoking among Aboriginal by half from 46% in 2008 to 23% by 2018[2,3,9]. This shows that if the in place mechanisms are continued, the government will not reach it objective. Therefore, this project will seek to get statistics and factors that contribute to high percentage of smoking among Aboriginal people and recommend better interventions mechanisms to improve the situation and attain the government goal by 2018. Statement of the Problem Aboriginal people have suffered adversely as a result of smoking. The rate of smoking of Aboriginal to non Aboriginal in Australia is double (Korff, 2016) [11]. This had led to high health complications among the Aboriginal people that add up to 1500deads each year in Australia and cost the economy AU$ 31.5 billion. The smoking percentage among Aboriginal is expected to decrease to 23% by the year 2018. Smoking of Tobacco is ranked as the cause of the big diseases in the Aboriginal society. 75% of the Aboriginal people have the knowledge of the harm that smoking caused (McKennitt, 2012) [12]. Even with the knowledge, it seemed that it did not influence their smoking habit. Reduction in the percentage of smokers will reduce the health diseases associated with smoking. The research with seek to determine how low income, unemployment and culture inhabiting reduction of smoking among Aboriginal people in Queensland for the past five years. The research will analyze both qualitative data and qualitative data to quantify factors leading to high prevalence levels of smokers among Aboriginals. A sample size of 300 Aboriginal people will be randomly chosen of 14 years and above. Literature Review This section reviews the studies that have been carried in the past that relates to low income, unemployment and culture and abuse of a drug in a society. Low Income When there is Low income in a society, there emerge social problems for both small children and adults which lead to substance abuse. According to a journal published by ICFI in 2013, it showed that children from low income earning families were likely to six times drop out of school. The research concluded that students were likely to engage in other activities and never went back to school. This state, they lack knowledge on how to maintain their health. Khara(2013) argued that parents who earned low income were subject to non-standardized schedules limiting time spend with their children. Parents were not available to offer guidance to their children. This led to children indulging into negative activities in the society. A study by Centre Social Policy showed that children from low income families were forced to work at early age [5]. They were pushed to adulthood at early age and this led them to adopt adult behaviors to fit in the system. These behavior included smoking to be s eem by the society as grown up. Unemployment Unemployment increases the rate of drug abuse. According to Rachael (2014), unemployment heightens the probability of an individual to consume alcohol or smoke that lead to addition [4,8,18]. He concluded that when the job decreased there is an increase in drug intake. She analyzed and found that 18.1% of unemployed people were using drug compared to 9% of the employed counterpart. In another research by Kurtz in 2013, she found that one person in every six unemployed citizen abused drugs in New York. According to NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health), 17% of the jobless adults were affected by drug intake in USA [10,11]. French (2009) concluded that people who were unemployed were undergoing hard times in their life. He said that unemployed people would lack enough money to buy drugs but had a lot of idle time that led them to using drugs. He also noted that it was not possible to fight drug abuse in a society while the rate of unemployment was high. Culture According to Dwight Health, culture refers to systems that an individual conform to and shapes the persons behavior. Culture is as a result of shared beliefs. It guides individuals in a group on how to act on certain issues. Horvath et al (2016) indicated that embracing a culture made an individual vulnerable to addition if the society is characterized by drugs. They established that a society faced with the same cultural history is likely to suffer devastation leading to continued abuse of drugs. They gave a case study of how Native Americans abuse alcohol due to the suffering they suffered while their land was taken in the process of colonization. OLeary noted in his research that lifestyle appeal, sense of belonging, relief and bonding experience contributed to an individual drug addiction process. He concluded that cultures that view drugs as an avenue for interaction facilitated new members becoming addicts. Jiloha (2009) established that in a culture where both parents abused drugs, their children were twice likely to indulge in drug abuse and non drug abusing parents.. He noted that for mothers smoking, their female children will be smokers. He also concluded that in societies where e children were poorly monitored were likely to abuse drugs [6,19] . This was influenced by family structure. Westermeyer in 2004 recorded in a case study of Native Alkali community where alcohol consumption intervention was successful from 95% to 5% within 10 years by changing the traditions and values of the people [19]. He concluded that revitalization of drug abuse tradition is the only solution to changing and reducing prevalence of drugs in communities faced with drug culture. Project Aim The general aim of the project is to quantify the prevalence and factors contributing to smoking among the people Aboriginal in Cairns-At Heron Queensland Australia for the past five years. This general aim is broken down into specific aims as follows; Determine how low income increase smoking among Aboriginals population Determine how unemployment contribute to smoking among aboriginals people in Cairns-AT Heron Investigate how Aboriginals culture contributes to smoking Recommend to government on appropriate intervention methods to enable attain it Tobacco reduction goal. Research Questions RQ1: Is it that the low income earning among the Aboriginal people of Cairns AT Heron that contribute to high percentages of smoking compared to non Indigenous Australians? RQ2: Is it the high levels of unemployment in Cairn AT Heron that has contributed to high smoking percentages among Aboriginal people? RQ3: Is it the Aboriginal culture in Cairns-AT Heron that facilitates its people to smoking? Research Design This project will be an explanatory research. It will seek to offer explanation of the factors contributing the high levels of smoking among Aboriginal people. The project will analyze the level of income of Aboriginal residing in Cairn-AT Heron Queensland to get the relationship between the income and smoking. This will offer an explanation of how level of income relates to smoking of individuals in a society. The project will also analyze the level of unemployment to understand how levels of unemployment contribute to unemployment. Lastly, the research project will scrutinize the culture and the belief that for patterns of behavior of Aboriginal people to establish if it contributes to the high percentage of smoking among Aboriginal people living in Cairn-At Heron Queensland. Sampling and Recruitment The project is aimed at generalizing the factors contributing to smoking among the whole population of Aboriginal people living in Cairns-At Heron. According to 2011 census, the population of Aboriginal people in Cairn is 14649 (Thomas, 2013)[12,14]. A sample size of 300 people will be randomly picked. This will involve use of a simple random sampling technique to avoid biasness in the sample selected for the project. Data Collection Methods Data to be used in the research project will comprise both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected directly from the sample size selected through questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data will be collected from government departments and other agencies with recorded data about the Aboriginal people. Questionnaires will be administered to the sampled individuals representing the total population of Aboriginals people living in Cairns. These individuals will be required to fill a structured questionnaire to provide the required data for the project. Interviews will be conducted by the research assistance on few selected individuals and groups of individuals. Interviews will be recorded on tape and video camera then written down for analysis. Research assistants will be used to collect the data throughout the Cairns Town and arrange it for analysis. Data Analysis and Procedures The data collected will be analyzed through inferential and descriptive methods. Income and unemployment levels will be measured by central tendency, dispersion and range. This analysis will provide the mean, medium and mode of the data that will have been collected. To find the correlation of the factors being tested and the topic under study, an econometric model will be run. The econometric model will show how the dependent variable relates to the independent variables being discussed. It will also show to what extent the variables discussed in this project contribute to the smoking of tobacco among the Aboriginal people in Cairns. S= Where; S is the number of smoking people -The intercept -The level of income - Level of Unemployment U Is the error term From the economic model above, the data collected in the collection process will be run in this model. It is the information from this model that will be used to discuss the result of the project. The relationship will be outlined by this model. Ethical Issues The following will be the ethical issues related to the research project; Informed consent: this will involve the relationship between the research assistance and the individuals participating in the research. The research assistance will ensure that the individuals participating are not force and are ready to provide relevant information. Asking people to provide information based on their ethnicity will lead to a challenge where people feel intimidated by such discriminations. Therefore, voluntary participation will be upheld to ensure that the research is conducted in an ethical manner. Confidentiality of the data collected: The research will be conducted in with great respect of confidential information of the participants. Data about income will be kept confidential throughout the research. Individual or household earnings will not be exposed to a third party. This will avoid participants from hiding some information that they feel it confidential. Privacy: The research will be conducted with a respect for privacy of the individual participating. The identity of the participating individuals will be kept anonymous. Therefore, individuals participating will be able to courageously provide the inquired information by the research assistance. This will enhance quality of the data collected from the research project. Interfering with the privacy is likely to cause conflict among the people after the research has been conducted. Dissemination of the Findings The finding reached in this research projects will be directed to government agencies, health organizations and people of Aboriginal living in Cairns. The message to my Targeted audience will be designed in a simple, clear and concise manner to ensure that it understood and meets the predetermined goal. To the government Agencies ire the department of Health, Tobacco Control Department etc will be written a formal letter addressing the finding and the proposed intervention. Disseminating information to the government Agencies will enable the government use the findings to improve their intervention strategies and attain their goals of reducing smoking among Aboriginal by 23% by 2018. Disseminating findings to health organizations working with the Aboriginal people will enable them treat the root cause of high levels of smoking rather than the symbols. This will make these organizations effective in offering services to the people of Aboriginal origin. And lastly is disseminating the finding to the Aboriginal people. These findings will help the Aboriginal individuals struggling to avoid being addicts by behavioral patterns to avoid. It will also assist parents give guidance to their children on how to lead better life that is tobacco free. Generally, the information will be disseminated to the health organizations websites and advertised on national TVs to create awareness and spread the information from the research project. This strategy will ensure that majority of the people both the Aboriginals and non Indigenous get the finding of the research as soon as it has been published. References French , M.(2009) .8-4-smoking-among-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-isl - Tobacco In Australia. (2016). org.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-8-aptsi/8-4-smoking-among-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-isl Akosile, W. (2015). Tobacco plain packaging and smoking rates in Australia. Australasian Psychiatry, 23(1), 84-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856214563849 Burki, T. (2014). Tobacco smoking declines in Australia. The Lancet Oncology, 15(10), e418. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70349-3 Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures. (2016). gov.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco-kff Ekpu, Brown, A. (2015). The Economic Impact of Smoking and of Reducing Smoking Prevalence: Review of Evidence. TUI, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.4137/tui.s15628 Gould, G. Watters, T. (2014). Are Single-session Smoking Cessation Groups a Feasible Option for Rural Australia? Outcomes From a Pilot Study. Smok Cessat, 10(02), 135-140. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2014.4 Horvath, G., Mark,H.,John,Z., et al (2016)Prevalence of smokingadults - Tobacco In Australia. (2016). org.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-1-prevalence/1-3-prevalence-of-smoking-adults Healey, J. (2001). Smoking. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Jiloha, T., (2009). Aboriginal communities and smoking - Tobacco and Smoking. nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/tobacco/Pages/aboriginal-communities-smoking.aspx Khara, M.,(2013) High smoking rates among Aboriginal community cause financial hardship. BMJ, 324(7349), 1296d-1296. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7349.1296/d Korff, J. (2016). Aboriginal population in Australia. Creative Spirits. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/aboriginal-population-in-australia McKennitt,. (2012). Does a Culturally Sensitive Smoking Prevention Program Reduce Smoking Intentions among Aboriginal Children? A Pilot Study. American Indian And Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 19(2), 55-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.1902.2012.55 Milne, E. (2005). NHS smoking cessation services and smoking prevalence: observational study. BMJ, 330(7494), 760-760. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38407.755521.f7 Mohsin, M. Bauman, A. (2005). Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-138 Ohida, T. (2001). Smoking Prevalence and Attitudes Toward Smoking Among Japanese Physicians. JAMA, 285(20), 2643. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.20.2643 Retnakaran, R. (2005). Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular risk factors among Aboriginal Canadian youths. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(8), 885-889. https://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.045159 Ritchie, A. Reading, J. (2004). Tobacco smoking status among Aboriginal youth. International Journal Of Circumpolar Health, 63(0). https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v63i0.17945 Thomas, D. (2013). Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 19942008. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 198(9), 479. https://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.11839 Westermeyer, K., (2004).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and tobacco. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from

Research Critique free essay sample

When critiquing a research paper, you are evaluating the research and the argument made by the author. To evaluate a research article, one will need to look at what the author is claiming, their research methods, and any problems there might be with the claims made. Are the references in the article reliable? What process did the researchers use? Do the researchers show bias with their findings? There are many questions to ask and many elements to look at when critiquing a research paper. This paper will critique two different research articles; one qualitative and one quantitative. The quantitative article, The Effects of Crossed Leg on Blood Pressure Measurement, attempts to determine whether a patient crossing their legs at the knee during a reading will have an effect on the reading in any way. The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy, the qualitative study, interviewed patients before and after having awake craniotomy surgery to gain understanding of their experience, thoughts, and feelings surrounding the surgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Title The qualitative research title identifies the key phenomenon and the group they are studying. For this study, they wanted to document the experience of patients who have had an awake craniotomy. The title explains this well. The quantitative study has a title that identifies the key variables, however, the title does not mention a specific population for the study. Abstract â€Å"A conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. An operational definition specifies procedures required to measure a variable† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 69). The conceptual and operational definitions of the quantitative research article are congruent because the researchers clarify their concept and explain how they will be measures as well as the operations performed to measure the concept. The abstract of this article clearly summarizes the problem, methods, results, and conclusions. The qualitative study has an abstract that clearly and concisely summarizes the main features of the article. The abstract explains that the features of the study will include the patient’s experience prior to, during, and the recovery phase following awake craniotomy. Both abstracts mention the problem that lead to their study, the purpose of their study, some background information, information surrounding the study, and a thesis statement. Purpose Statement â€Å"The purpose statement establishes the study’s general direction and captures its essence. It is usually easy to identify a purpose statement because the word purpose is explicitly statesstated† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 79). Both the qualitative and the quantitative studies have a purpose statement that is clearly and concisely stated. A quantitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the study variables, possible relationship, and the population of interest for the study. The quantitative article establishes the purpose statement as determining the effect of a patient having their legs crossed while having their blood pressure measured. The statement does not mention a population of interest. Since the statement uses the word determine in the purpose statement, it indicates this is an experimental type of study. A qualitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the concept and the group, or setting being studied. The qualitative studied being critiqued for this paper states outright that the study is a phenomenological one, but that can also be indicated by the purpose statement because it contains the word experience. The article’s purpose statement identifies the concept as being the experience of the patient, and the setting or population being before and after an awake craniotomy. Problem Statement â€Å"A problem statement articulates the problem and describes the need for a study through the development of an argument† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Every study needs to have a problem statement for readers to understand what the problem is and why it was important to research. The problem is â€Å"an enigmatic or troubling condition† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Problem statements for qualitative studies address the problem, as well as information needed to address the problem. The problem identified in the qualitative study identifies that there is very little documented about a patient’s feelings, thoughts, or approach to a surgery like an awake craniotomy without an anesthetic. Qualitative studies are often done when a topic is poorly understood and researchers want to develop a better understanding. This problem has significance for nursing because it will help nurses better understand how this type of procedure affects a patient emotionally. The problem statement identifies what is wrong with the current situation, what the reader needs to understand, and knowledge gaps relating to the problem. This knowledge will contribute to the nurse’s ability to provide holistic patient care. Quantitative studies usually focus on concepts that can be measured. There are six components to a problem statement and quantitative studies usually have most of them covered(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 82). The problem statement for this quantitative study identifies that there are many things that can influence a blood pressure reading, but there has been no consistency about whether a patient’s feet should be flat on the floor during measurement. This statement identifies the problem, identifies what the reader needs to understand, how big the problem of inaccurate blood pressure measurement is, the consequence of inaccurate measurements, what is lacking, and what the study could contribute to a solution. This problem has significance because accurate blood pressure measurement is crucial to the diagnosis of hypertension, as well as parameters for giving blood pressure medications. Hypothesis/Research Question Research questions are sometimes a rewording of the purpose statement into a question. Some researchers only have research questions without a purpose statement. â€Å"Research questions for qualitative studies state the phenomenon of interest and the group or population of interest† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 81). A hypothesis that is worded clearly and in present tense is an ideal hypothesis. Qualitative studies do not have hypotheses because there is not enough information to make a prediction, and because they want the participants to guide the inquiry. There are no hypotheses or research questions in the quantitative study. The study states that they would like to determine if there is a relationship because prior research was inconsistent about keeping feet flat during blood pressure measurement, but there are no actual questions worded in the study. The independent variable in this study is a participants legs being crossed at the knee. The dependent variable in this study is blood pressure readings. Researchers without a hypothesis are prepared to accept any results, but one can almost always explain superficial findings, no matter what they are. â€Å"Hypotheses guard against superficiality and minimize the risk that spurious results will be misconstrued† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 84). Literature Review The literature review for both studies is included at the beginning of each research paper. â€Å"Literature review in the introduction to a report provides readers with an overview of existing evidence, and contribute to the argument for the new study† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 95). With a thorough literature review, researchers can determine how best to make a contribution to evidence already found. This could include finding gaps in current research, or if performing a study again on a new population would be the next step. The literature review for the qualitative study includes two sources. The sources were from 1988 and 2005, while this article came out in 2008. The 2005 source is recent. The 1988 source is not so recent, but was relevant to the study because it helped to address the fact that there is a lack of exploration for the patient’s feeling surrounding an awake craniotomy. The quantitative study uses mostly primary sources in the literature review. This study was published in 1998 with the literature review sources ranging from 1984-1998. Sources used in this review are studies about the proper technique for measuring blood pressure, things that affect blood pressure readings, and suggestions to help prevent symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. The literature review provides a basis for the study because it supports the claims that there is inconsistency about whether feet should be kept flat on the floor while measuring blood pressure, and whether it would skew measurements if legs were crossed. Theoretical Framework â€Å"A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study. Not every study is based on a formal theory or conceptual model, but every study has a framework—that is, a conceptual rationale† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 128). If the study is based on a theory, the framework is a theoretical framework. According to Polit Beck, 2012, framework in nursing studies are often implied and not acknowledged or explained. â€Å"In most qualitative studies, the frameworks are part of the research tradition in which the study is embedded†(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 130). Although a phenomenologist tries to keep their preconceptions in check, they are still guided by a framework or philosophy that focuses on a certain aspect of a person’s life. The framework used by phenomenologists is based on the belief that human experience is property of the experience itself, not an outside observer. This is exactly how this study went. The study focused on the patient and what they were experiencing surrounding their procedure to have an awake craniotomy. The researchers explained that there had been no documentation that someone had tried to explore the experience from the patient’s point of view, so these researchers did that. Quantitative research has many approaches to theoretical frameworks. â€Å"The classic approach is to test hypotheses deduced from an existing theory† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 140). The quantitative study does not seem to follow a theoretical framework. They state in the beginning that there are many things that can affect a blood pressure reading, and then continue on to say that research has not been consistent in whether feet should be flat on the floor. This study could lead to the formation of hypothesis, or even a null hypothesis, regarding the effects of crossed legs on blood pressure readings. Theories derived from this study could include, crossed legs will increase/decrease blood pressure readings, or crossed legs have no effect on a blood pressure reading. As tests are conducted, these theories would either be confirmed or deconfirmed and new theories can be made based on the results. The quantitative study could have been made stronger by identifying a specific population in the title and purpose statements. It leaves the reader wondering where the study might go. It was not explained how they chose to only use men for the study. It was not explained how they chose to divide up the two groups of 50 participants each. The researchers could have made it clear to the readers as to why they chose the population that they did. They did, however, point out that further studies would need to be conducted on more populations to conclude a relationship. There were no hypotheses made in this quantitative study. Their argument would have been made stronger having had one, or had a null hypothesis to refute. The literature review didn’t have many recent articles, but it helped to prove their point that there was not enough evidence to support whether feet should be flat on the floor during blood pressure measurement. With a hypothesis and more detail about some aspects of the research process, this study would have been much stronger. The qualitative study did a great job of hitting the required points. They clearly identified each aspect of the study and how it would be conducted. Since this is a qualitative study, there are no hypotheses to critique. The researchers included an abundance of responses from their interviews with the participants to allow the readers to understand the experience surrounding their surgery through them, because that was the purpose of the study. Although a weak point in this study is the literature review not being very lengthy, as with the quantitative study, it also made a strong point for the researcher’s point that no one has explored the feelings of these specific patients. Overall, both the qualitative and quantitative were strong research studies. They both possess most of the required aspects needed for a research study to be credible. If important parts of the research process were left out, such as the literature review, process for finding the population of study, process for collecting data, etc, the study’s credibility could be called into question.

Essay on how the three field system had to change essays

Essay on how the three field system had to change essays There were some advantages to the three field system such as: 2. There was co-operative faming - everyone worked together, 3. Commoners rights meant ability of all to graze their animals, 4. People could work for others who had more land to harvest. These were good things but people wanted change because: 1. Much time was wasted travelling between strips, 2. The land was not distributed fairly, 3. There were tensions between land owners or proper use of land, 4. Strips of grass between farm strips wasted much ground, 5. There was no room for Innervations. Everybody thought that there was a big need for change and they came up with some ideas: 1. The land could not continue to be fragmented, 3. The population was growing so there was more demand for food, 4. Towns and cities needed food that this system did not provide. these however never put into the rules of the three field system and the normal way carried on as usual. The people with less land and little money problems increased more when the commissioners made a parchment that was forty pages long and three feet by two feet in size explaining the new rules of the three field system. They said that the squire got well over 1000 acres, the parson got 400 acres, three wealthy villagers got 200 acres and the poor farmers got half an acre each. Also there was a rule where everyone built enclosures around their land. (There land was now all together, not in different strips) Because these enclosures had to built, the villagers had to pay towards it. They had to pay a sum of 30 each, a huge amount of money in their time. No poor villagers could afford this and were beside themselves with worry. ...

The European Human Rights System

The European Human Rights System Introduction In an effort to shield themselves from the horrors of the World War II that had devastated most of Europe, the European countries established the European human rights system consisting of a series of intergovernmental organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The European Human Rights System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the organizations established is the Council of Europe (COE) â€Å"with the mandate of protecting and promoting human rights and the rule of law through education and enforcement of the regulations of European treaties† (Craig and de Burga 43). The other intergovernmental organizations established during the same period include the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The European Union is mandated with the responsibility of promoting economic stability and peace in the entire Europe but the institutions of the Unio n have formulated policies on human rights. Craig and de Burga add that, â€Å"the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) primarily deals with security issues but also addresses human rights in Europe† (44). These institutions mainly focus on ensuring that human rights in European countries meet the international human rights standards. The history and operations of these three organizations following the end of the World War II until the end of Cold War in 1990 is a clear illustration of Europe’s elaborate human rights system, which is also the most complex human rights system in the world currently (Craig and de Burga 49). These institutions have different levels of competencies, resources, and authority. In addition, the institutions embrace changes and adapt to current challenges pertaining to human rights in order to meet the international human rights standards. The intergovernmental organizations also differ greatly in their level of human ri ghts implementation and monitoring mechanisms with each having different regulations, conventions, and principles of human rights implementation and monitoring.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statement of the problem There have been many concerns in majority of the European Union member states regarding human rights violations. Because of different socio-economic and political backgrounds of the member states, the implementation of the European human rights system often faces challenges. For example, the asylum system of Greece, which prevented migrants from other countries particularly from North Africa from entering the EU, violated the human rights of the migrants. The migrants allegedly faced inhumane treatment at the hands of the police following their arrest (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz189). However, the EU’s efforts of holding the Greece government accoun table for the violation of human rights involving the migrants and asylum seekers have not been fruitful and this indicates the intergovernmental organizations lack sufficient capacity to promote human rights and ensuring that states take full responsibility over human rights violations. In addition, the EU member states have different migration policies and asylum procedures, which the EU has failed to harmonize. One of the main tenets of the European human rights system is to protect individual’s rights to freedom of region and personal autonomy. However, governments of the EU member countries have failed to uphold this provision leading to interference into religion and private lives of citizens. For example, the French government passed legislation in September 2010 that restricts face-covering veils in public places by women (Drzemczewski 78). The legislation even made it an offence for any religion to coerce women to wear face-covering veils and further held that the ne w legislation was compatible with the French constitution. Other European countries have also followed suit including Belgium, Spain, and Germany. In a recap, the European system of human rights has failed to counter the discriminatory laws based on religion, age, disability, and sexual orientation raising many concerns over its effectiveness in the implementation and monitoring of the human rights records of the member states (Drzemczewski 108).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The European Human Rights System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this paper is to establish the role played by the European human rights system in ensuring that states comply with the statutes laid down in the Intergovernmental organizations regarding human rights. Objectives In many European Union States, discriminatory laws enacted have contributed to abuse of human rights, which goes against the spirit of the European human rig hts system. The major objectives in this paper will be: To establish the role played by the European human rights system with regard to the protection of human rights To evaluate the efficiency of the European human rights system in relation to the international human rights standards To outline the specific examples that raise concerns over the Union’s participation in ensuring implementation of human rights by member states To illustrate examples of human rights violations by EU member states and the role played by the Union to mitigate this To provide recommendations on how the European human laws system would improve its efficiency in the wake of growing criticisms over its effectiveness Themes The observance of the human rights by the EU members varies depending on social, economic, and political factors. Despite the efforts of the European human rights system to establish a common system of legislation to guide the implementation of the human rights in all the member states, the specific laws of the states deter the full implementation of human rights (Drzemczewski 97). The major factors that influence the observance or violation of the human rights by the EU member states include: Discrimination Discrimination involves the act of creating a clear separation either through practices, policies or actions that are inappropriate based on the perceptions of the social group involved. Moreover, the social groups involved must be groups â€Å"important to the structure of social interactions across a wide range of social contexts† (Kirsch 1). Thus, the basis of discrimination can be race, gender or religion and the discriminated persons have an orientation towards one of these social groups. In addition, discriminatory conduct places the social group at a disadvantage compared to the other people. In Europe, discrimination and intolerance has become widespread with the minority groups experiencing it the most. The Roma, who are Europe’s largest minority group continue to face marginalization in most of the EU countries subjecting them to extreme poverty across the EU region (Kirsch 4). EU member countries, notably France, have continued to deport the Roma to Kosovo against the UNCHCR guidelines.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More France also targeted the Roma minority for deportation to Eastern Europe against the EU policies that protect the Roma against marginalization. Recently, the French began a spirited campaign to expel the Roma from France following riots over the shooting of a member of the French community (Kirsch 2). This resulted to the repatriation of over a thousand Roma to Romania and Bulgaria. The French government also undertook to dismantle illegal camps by specifically targeting the camps of the Roma minority showing a discriminatory intent. It took European Commission’s threats for France to apply the freedom of movement clause enshrined in the EU legislations. Another notable case of discrimination that is widespread in Europe concerns the legislations in many states that restrict face-covering veils. Despite the concerns that the legislations interfere with the freedom of religion, the French parliament passed a legislation that prohibits wearing of veils by women in public places . Germany and other EU member states also followed suit to restrict public wearing of face-covering veils (Nanz 141). Discrimination based on religion, sexual orientation, age and disability is rampant in most EU states including the Netherlands, which requires that transgender individuals must undergo a gender change to become either a male or a female. Italy on the other hand, lacks stringent laws that can guarantee protection of individuals against discrimination based on gender. Despite the EU’s efforts to enforce anti-discriminatory laws, national obstacles to ending discrimination are prevalent in most countries. Discrimination places the discriminated social group at a disadvantage, which affects the social lives and in turn affects their economic development (Offe 213). In addition, it goes against the international human rights provisions, which grants respect to human dignity and values of a social group and promotes tolerance with respect to minority groups to enha nce peaceful coexistence. However, most of the EU states fall short of these international human rights standards with regard to their handling of the marginalized groups. Democracy Democracy is a form of government, which encompasses equal participation of the people in the determination of the social, cultural, and economic aspects affecting their lives. The electorate participates in the development and implementation of legislations to ensure free and equal opportunities for all. The EU promotes democracy and human rights as the universal core values for effective conflict resolution and poverty reduction (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz 115). The Council of Europe promotes democracy and the rule of law as the fundamental constituents for the observance of human rights by the EU states. The council ensures fairness in elections and public acceptance of elections, which promotes democracy. The EU articulates various concepts of democracy including good governance, democratization and democratic governance in many EU and non-EU countries. The EU promotes democracy in non-EU countries particularly countries from Central Asia such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan through cooperation (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz 205). In addition, recent statistics point to the fact that many migrants from EU and non-EU countries have the freedom to participate in national elections of the host EU nation. Voting for the representatives to EU parliament also shows active participation of the citizens from EU member countries to promote the integration of EU into a common regional and economic bloc. The EU also promotes good governance and democracy in non-EU countries in Central Asia and African states through many democracy-building initiatives. However, the participation of the Union in non-EU countries faces challenges as regards to the intent of the democracy-building activities. According to Schimmelfennig and Scholtz, the EU’s â€Å"loft principles† concerning democracy and democratic governance often fails to meet expected goals, let alone taking any action to sanction the states violating the democratic principles (203). Additionally, the EU has been accused of being inconsistent in the application of its policies to promote democracy. Schimmelfennig and Scholtz attribute the inconsistency in the democracy promotion and democracy building to difference in political, social, and economic factors among the EU states (208). Moreover, disagreements that exist among the union member states, which attempt to protect their domestic interests, further contribute to the variations in foreign policy among the member states. In foreign countries, there exists no clear distinction between the policies of EU as an entity and individual member states regarding democratic governance. Despite the difficulty faced by EU in trying to forge a common position regarding foreign policy, the EU has achieved some success in promoting democracy particularly th rough allowing citizens within the EU to participate in national elections involving the host EU member state (Yuongs 892). Regarding foreign democratic policy, cooperation agreements with the governments of countries such as Uzbekistan from Central Asia have helped to promote democratic governance in those states. However, challenges arise, as it is often problematic for the EU to establish a common position (Nanz 133). Some member states first undertake to protect their domestic interests or the interests of their former colonies in the African continent, which affects the EU foreign policy. Besides, the implementation of democratic principles by nations is a voluntary decision and does not involve sanctions from the EU. Economic, social, and cultural rights The economic, social, and cultural rights are the major components of the human rights of individuals important in the realization of a universal social justice. The implementation of these rights acts as a prerequisite to the development of civil and political rights. For full enjoyment of social liberties, the economic, social, and cultural rights are fundamental. In this context, economic barriers such as poverty prevent people from enjoying their fundamental human rights (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 67). Therefore, when viewed in relation to human rights, poverty is an obstacle to full enjoyment of human rights. Social and cultural freedoms are also fundamental to the full enjoyment of the human rights. Internationally, organizations such as the United Nations International Convention on Economic and Social Rights, the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization, play a significant role in ensuring that human rights are upheld. The European human rights system protects the economic, social, and cultural rights through the European Council’s Community Charter for the Fundamental Social rights of Workers and the European Social Charter. The EU implements policies to promote th ese rights based on the premise that the resources available in the world are enough for the realizations of the social and economic rights across all the nations of the world. By granting marginalized groups economic, social, and cultural freedom, they are able to engage in issues that affect their political life (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 118). The objectives of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights included protection of the fundamental human rights of the citizens of the European Union taking into account the technological and scientific advancement. The European Charter of Fundamental Rights includes the civil and political rights as part of the fundamental human rights in addition to the social and economic rights. However, the Charter is not legally binding but its provisions are usually incorporated into intergovernmental treaties making them legally binding (Majone 121). The Charter has also been an important tool in many European courts as it serves as a new case law im plying that, in future, the Charter has the potential to protect the economic and social rights of the EU citizens even in challenging technological and scientific developments such as cloning. According to Jacobs, the provisions of the Charter, which expands its covering to include future developments that affect the human rights, will allow the constitutional changes in EU member states in favor of expansion of social and economic rights (285). The Charter also has provisions that cater for social and economic rights of other non-EU nations in line with the EU’s mission of eastward expansion. Provisions in Article 5 prohibit international human trafficking. In this respect, these provisions protect the fundamental rights of non-EU citizens in countries that wish to become EU members. In addition, the inclusion of this provision into the Charter is a show of EU’s foreign policy with regard to social, economic, and cultural rights (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 121). The Cha rter is an important step in spreading the awareness of the various human rights even to non-EU states. However, the Charter is yet to be incorporated into the EU Treaty but is likely to influence greatly the way nations uphold human rights in Europe. In addition to the European Charter for Fundamental Rights, the European Social Charter is also part of the European system of human rights for the protection of social and economic rights. The European Social Charter falls under the Council of Europe and was adopted in 1961 to ensure that states conform to the international human rights standards (Jacobs 291). The Charter grants rights to work, collective bargaining social security, and medical protection to the EU citizens. In addition, the Charter provides for state legal and social assistance to migrant workers from EU and non-EU nations (Lister 281). The Charter specifically protects individuals under employment including better payment and employment benefits and recognizes the r ight to strike involving unsatisfied employees. Although the Charter provides an ideal way of catering for economic and social rights of the citizens, it has no legal obligation and states are not bound legally to conform to its provisions. The European convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which allows EU citizens to seek legal redress if they feel that any state party infringes their individual rights (De la Rochere Para. 6). The establishment of the court marks a milestone in the protection of human rights in Europe as it grants individuals an active role in the protection of their rights by a particular state. It allows any individual who feels that the state has violated his/her rights to file a case against any state organ in this court, which is a break from the traditional way where the states remain the main actors in the international arena. State parties can also file lawsuits against each other in the European Court of Human Rights. Howev er, much of these provisions including the lawsuits involving state parties are rarely used. It is evident that the European human rights system consists of many human rights tools that promote the social and economic rights. The states that ratify the provisions of these treaties must uphold the provisions of the various European Convention Charters to conform to the requirements. The ECHR, for example, provides the best channel through which EU citizens can force their governments to implement policies that could ensure the full enjoyment of their fundamental human rights (Craig and de Burga 49). New developments in science and technology are monitored by the European Charter of Fundamental Rights to protect the citizens. Arguments Participation in decision-making Although the European Union human rights system provides the most comprehensive and expatiate way of protecting the fundamental rights of citizens in the world, the involvement of the citizenry in major decision-making i s limited. In order to meet the demands of the over 731 million EU citizens with regard to human rights, active participation of the citizenry is important (Jacobs 65). Through public participation, the decision-making process particularly involving politics would be able to incorporate the views of the citizenry and allow public criticism regarding the form of governance in the EU member states. Public participation in decision-making has the potential to promote democratic governance in most European nations. In addition, allowing public deliberations of the issues that affect them would create an internationally acceptable agreement with regard to social, economic, and cultural rights. The dissatisfaction of the public with political events occurring in the EU member states is the major cause of the rejection of referenda on the European constitution. The citizens should be given a chance to express their views in matters such as constitution making to avoid such incidences (Jani s, Kay, and Bradley 116). The process of European integration is another latter day contentious issue that requires involvement of the EU citizenry in the implementation process. The current system only involves EU officials and the civil servants in a closed way of making decisions rather than an open transparent system that allows public participation in the decision making process in order to establish an acceptable outcome. In addition, following the recent economic crisis, the EU undertook to control the economic aspects of its citizenry. However, these steps did not involve public participation, which further affects democratic governance as supported by the European council. Although the EU states have the most advanced democracy in the world including transparent elections, the EU has not been quite successful in engaging the public in debating its political future and this has contributed to the decline of public confidence in political institutions in EU as a way of solvin g their economic and social problems (Offe 211). Challenges affecting the EU citizens in recent times including the environmental concerns in the wake of globalization and migration have not been fully addressed by the leadership of these countries giving way to institutions to undertake this role. This has contributed to increased strength and authority of the EU courts and intergovernmental institutions (Janis et al. 134). However, as these institutions take up roles that are more diverse, the democratic governance in the individual states is likely to suffer. To return the countries to democratic governance, an important tenet of the EU, empowering the citizenry through public participation is important. Self governance Self-governance entails the involvement of the citizens in leadership as way of ensuring a well-functioning democratic society. Self-governance allows citizens to articulate their views and exercise their rights while protecting them from infringement of these rig hts by the state (Jacobs 112). Although the EU has a developed system that protects the fundamental rights of individuals, the European Charter recognizes self-governance through the local government and encourages the respective states to respect the autonomy of the local authorities. Under the European Charter, the local authorities have the mandate to manage issues that affect public including public participation and legal issues of the citizens (Fung and Wright 29). Thus, the Charter provides guidelines on self-governance and requires the individual member states to obey them. However, this provision is often a challenge to the European Council because it is difficult to harmonize the local government legislations in the member states with the European international standards in order to expand the scope of public participation in the local affairs. In addition, the local government structures prove to be inadequate in promoting public participation in accordance with the Europ ean Council’s requirements. The Council should promote self-governance at the local level without imposing the requirements that the local authorities have to meet the international standards. Guarantees The European institutions including the Council of Europe (COE) and the European Union (EU) focus more specifically on human rights guarantees with respect to criminal law and violation of human rights. The legislations of these institutions should expand to include community rights and even rights of a given social group in the national or international arena (Majone 21). These legislations should then be anchored in the respective constitutions of the member states. However, Nanz observes that, the implementation process should allow public participation to ensure general acceptability of the new legislations (206). Additionally, the institutions should provide legal actions against countries that fail to respect the provisions pertaining to human rights. Conclusion The Eur opean human rights system promotes the observance of the human rights by the member countries through European institutions notably the European Union and the Council of Europe. However, challenges regarding the implementation of these laws are common particularly with regard to discriminatory laws in the member states. To protect the cultural, social, and economic rights, which are the fundamental human rights, the European Social Charter is the important document. However, with respect to democracy and self-governance, the EU has contributed to the decline in democratic governance through the reduced scope of public participation as more focus is given to EU officials and the government. By promoting public deliberations over issues affecting them, the policy choices of the member states would be more acceptable to the citizenry and the human rights violations would decline. Craig, Paul, and de Burga, Grainne. EU Law. Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2 003. De la Rochere, Jacqueline. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 2004. Web.. ecln.net/. Drzemczewski, Albert. The European Human Rights Convention in Domestic Law; a Comparative Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983. Eide, Asbjorn, Krause, Catarina, and Rosas, Allan. Economic, Social and Cultural  Rights as Human Rights. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 2001. Fung, Allan, and Wright, Eliud. Deepening democracy: institutional innovations  In empowered participatory governance. London: Verso, 2003. Jacobs, Francis. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Janis, Mark, Kay, Richard, and Bradley, Anthony. European Human Rights Law; Text and Materials. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Kirsch, Norman. Does the French Governments Deportation of Roma Violate the Law of  The European Union? 2010. Web. https://www.slideshare.net/slauwers/memo-steven-lauwers. Lister, Morgan. The European Union and the South. Relations with developing  Countries. New Yo rk: Routledge, 1997. Majone, Giandomenico. â€Å"Europes Democratic Deficit: The Question of Standards.† European Law Journal 4.1 (1998): 5-28. Nanz, Peters. Europolis: Constitutional Patriotism beyond Nation state.  Manchester: Manchester UP, 2006. Offe, Criffiths. Political Disaffection as an outcome of institutional practices?  Some post-Tocquevillean speculations. London: Routledge, 2006. Schimmelfennig, Fresch, and Scholtz, Hillard. â€Å"EU democracy promotion in the European neighborhood Political conditionality, economic development, and transnational exchange.† European Union Politics 9.2 (2008): 187-215. Yuongs, Robert. â€Å"Democracy promotion as external governance?† Journal of European  Public Policy16.3 (2009): 895-915.

Under the Whiplash by Lara Oruno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Under the Whiplash by Lara Oruno - Essay Example First used by the Greeks, slavery has roots in the antique forced labor practices of the Egypt of pharaohs, Greece, Italy and the Middle East, particularly in Babylon and Assyria. A people stripped of any right to demand status of origin or title [name], slavery, apparently has a long history that saw Europe enslave approximately 20 percent of their own population at some point; a practice that only faded out in the fifteen century with the newfound sources from the far continents of Africa and Asia (Coates 18). With the advent of large scale plantations in the Americas, tens of millions of Africans became victims of slavery. Like the antique slaves, they were not only subjected to forced labor, but had to yield to the sexual demands of their masters. Keeping with the old tradition, all male slaves, irrespective of their ages, acquired the tittle "boy". Unlike the old slavery that offered a relief through some form of emancipation, slavery in the Caribbean was but a totalitarian syst em based on extreme exploitation driven in part by racism (Coates 19). The only alternative to freedom to such cruelty were brave flight efforts with a subsequent strong resistance. While the two terms, forced labor and slavery, have historically been used interchangeably, there exist a thin line in between. According to the International Labor Organization, forced labor refers to â€Å"work imposed on a person under the threat(s) of a penalty and for which the willingness to offer such a service is non-existent† (ILO par 3). Slavery, however, is an elastic concept that not only covers forced labor, but includes the dimension of the subjects involved being treated as property worth some definite price. (Laura 162). In the second article, â€Å"Who was responsible?† Elikia M'Bokolo tries to navigate the thicket of who should take the responsibility on the massive shipments of Africans to the Americas. A controversial subject that has left historians with more of a guess work, M'Bokolo works extracts extra hard to deconstruct the myth placing the Africans themselves right in the middle. From slave-raiding that involved outright abduction to slave-trading, either of the processes engaged the expedition of man-hunts that carried maximum risks, including mass killings; the 1446 massacre near the Cap Vert peninsula in present-day Senegal was but a clear indication of the Africans determination to fight off enslavement. Accordingly, the Europeans, particularly the Portuguese, were the pioneer traders in slaves, perhaps to minimize the risks of deaths in millions, of people whose services were increasingly needed to sustain plantation farming in America. Understandably, slave-raiding continued even after the routinisation of slave-trade, occasionally becoming a buffer source of slaves’ supply for traders. M'Bokolo goes to note that the terms of trade were never in the hands of Africans; the occasional raids coupled with the building of forts along the coastline sent a clear message to the rulers of the continent that left them with no choices other than to comply (Coates 21). As such, though Africans got involved in selling their fellow brothers, Europe’s domination shaped every aspect of the trade, leaving Africa counting its losses as they [th e Europeans] reaped massively. Bluntly put, slave trade, to Africans, was a kind of diabolical-plot which forcefully made them [Africans] accomplices or otherwise perish in the merciless expeditions. The section â€Å"A Controversial Question† highlights the controversy on who between the Europeans and Africans should bear the blame in perpetuating the

W7 OM Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W7 OM Discussion - Essay Example Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified several major components of SCM, including planning and control, work structure, organizational structure, management methods, product flow facility structure, and power and leadership structure. By implication, for effective SCM to be said to have taken place, supply chain managers must be in a position to adequately put management processes in all of these components together. It is for this reason that SCM has been considered to be a shared responsibility, involving the coordinated efforts of several departments and workforce within the organization (Meredith and Shafer, 2014). Once SCM is used, there are a number of benefits that the organization practicing can get. According to Mentzer, J.T. et al. (2001), SCM helps in ensuring efficiency by ensuring that supply chain managers are able to respond quickly to all issues and changes that take place within the supply chain. This way, chances of delays are well catered for. SCM has also been noted to have the advantage of ensuring information transparency due to its open ended approach and the fact that it functions on the shared responsibility

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay Example for Free

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay The major competing sweet producers Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory and Hershey’s company have different business strategies, which give them distinct status in the market of the USA. RMCF is concerned in its perspectives and long-term goals to make the company more profitable and successful in the sphere of chocolate business. Hershey’s company deals with the short-term objectives and tries to obtain profit in an abridged period of time. The business strategy of profit-making Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has the competitive advantage over prosperous Hershey’s company in corporate governance, organizational structure and confection distribution in the USA. The first difference between the companies is that the corporate governance of RMCF is structured more efficiently than Hershey’s. Corporate governance of RMCF consists of directors who have equal rights. RMCF administers its main rules with three to nine directors (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p263). Despite the main principals, the specific board of directors operates as a head of the whole organization and it is able to elect directors itself. This condition is likely to motivate the directors, so they try to accomplish their part of business as accurate as possible. Shareholders have a right to vote in yearly meetings and they can have an influence on the election of the potential directors by giving the additional number of votes (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p264). In consequence, the shareholders who have invested money into the company can be confident in the liability of the people to whom they give the opportunity to control the business. Unlike RMCF the Hershey’s c ompany has different types of directors who have their special responsibilities in conducting the business. The governance of the company consists of three types of directors, namely independent, informed and engaged, also a board of directors, which perform various functions in management. Such a bureaucratic structure makes the decision-making process more complicated and creates difficulties with the overall performance of the company. Board members of the company can easily intervene into the tasks of the workers and they can hire new employees without any restrictions (The Hershey Company, 2013). This action may disrupt employees from work and directors can have another option that will not be considered due to their limited liability. Corporate governance of Hershey’s company does not include the participation of shareholders in arranging managers for the firm, so the shareholders are not aware of the financial environment of the company. Thus, the exact number of directors and the role of the Board of directors make the RMCF’s governance organized in a beneficial form, whereas Hershey’s faces several difficulties with it. The second privilege of RMCF is an adept and profit-seeking organizational structure. RMCF has its own shops and franchises which are situated in the regional malls, tourist-oriented retail areas, ski resort, specialty retail centers, airports, neighborhood centers, and factory outlet malls (Harrison, 2003, p240). This location of the chocolate shops creates positive selling opportunities by attracting customers and promoting the product as well. According to the Success Magazine, in 1995-96 the Rocky Mountain was in the seventh position of the 100 top franchisers (cited in Harrison, 2013, p420). Spreading its name recognition through company-owned stores and franchisers, RMCF had gained such a high result in determining its market force and competitive advantage over a majority of companies working in the same field. Crail (1996) states ‘We find the location, negotiate the lease, design the store, coordinate the build-out, bring the franchise here for training, send a distinct manager to the store opening, and have ongoing field support and regional and national convention’ (cited in Harrison, 2003, p420). Taking into consideration all the aspects of organizing the structure of the whole business helps RMCF achieve success without any inadvertences. For example, the total revenue of the company in 1995 was 13,616, 134 USD and up to 1998, it had a tremendous increase showing 23,763,82 USD (Harrison, 2003, pp.423-424). In contrast to RMCF’s organizational structure, Hershey’s company decided to form special commercial groups in order to obtain the significant part of the market share (New Organizational Structure to Leverage U.S. Scale and Accelerate Global Growth, 2005). They were aimed to spread the producing companies all around the world. Hershey’s has its selling premises in 50 countries of the world (Keidel et al., 2010). The company was not concerned in the thorough organization of its structure; that is why it had to fund its company in other countries too. To summarize, RMCF establishes its franchises around the USA and increases the sales by allocating stores in the places with target audience while Hershey’s fail in organizing the right structure, consequently the company has to move into the market of foreign countries. The third quality that makes the business strategy of RMCF more valuable rather than Hershey’s is product distribution. RMCF delivers its products through shipments to distribution outlets from the premise of manufacturing Durango, Colorado. Franchisees are not provided with the immense space to hold the goods, so they ask the company to give them the quantities that they are able to sell during 14 to 28 days (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). By following this strategy, RMCF chocolate can be a reliable product in terms of freshness. ‘RMCF believed that it should control the manufacturing of its own products in order to better maintain its high product quality standards, offer unique proprietary products, manage costs, control production and shipment schedules, and pursue new or underutilized distribution channels’ (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). At the same time, the Hershey’s company distributes its products through â€Å"grocery stores, mass merchandisers and drug stores and functions as a single entity†. More than the half of total sales is received from â€Å"merchandisers† and â€Å"supermarkets† (Keidel, et al., 2010). In case the Hershey’s has a delayed delivery; it needs to pay fine for the customers who will not promote Hershey’s products, so losses in sales and credibility will probably occur (Zsidisin, 2006). Hershey’s company faces losses of capital in the period of distribution process; the borders of the time that the delivery of the products should last are not clearly stated. That can be harmful for the customers as the chocolate products are likely to spoil through time. Taking all the aspects into consideration, RMCF is dominating in distribution by saving the quality of chocolates, whereas Hershey’s company is not able to protect freshness without dec reasing the budget of the Company in its business strategy. To conclude, Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has more productive venture planning than Hershey’s company in controlling authority, confirmation scheme and product distribution. Controlling authorities in the RMCF have equal opportunities and reliabilities in business, while Hershey’s company is regulated mostly by a board of directors who can set the rules and hire the new employees without discussing with other directors. Conformation scheme of the companies differs from each other by allocating the stores and establishing the outlets. RMCF spreads its products to the places where many people can purchase them; in contrast, Hershey’s company delivers its products to particular stores. As RMCF is worried about its future goals, it achieves lucrative results, so Hershey’s company should also concentrate on its remote future aims.