Essay on how the three field system had to change essays

Essay on how the three field system had to change essays There were some advantages to the three field system such as: 2. There was co-operative faming - everyone worked together, 3. Commoners rights meant ability of all to graze their animals, 4. People could work for others who had more land to harvest. These were good things but people wanted change because: 1. Much time was wasted travelling between strips, 2. The land was not distributed fairly, 3. There were tensions between land owners or proper use of land, 4. Strips of grass between farm strips wasted much ground, 5. There was no room for Innervations. Everybody thought that there was a big need for change and they came up with some ideas: 1. The land could not continue to be fragmented, 3. The population was growing so there was more demand for food, 4. Towns and cities needed food that this system did not provide. these however never put into the rules of the three field system and the normal way carried on as usual. The people with less land and little money problems increased more when the commissioners made a parchment that was forty pages long and three feet by two feet in size explaining the new rules of the three field system. They said that the squire got well over 1000 acres, the parson got 400 acres, three wealthy villagers got 200 acres and the poor farmers got half an acre each. Also there was a rule where everyone built enclosures around their land. (There land was now all together, not in different strips) Because these enclosures had to built, the villagers had to pay towards it. They had to pay a sum of 30 each, a huge amount of money in their time. No poor villagers could afford this and were beside themselves with worry. ...

The European Human Rights System

The European Human Rights System Introduction In an effort to shield themselves from the horrors of the World War II that had devastated most of Europe, the European countries established the European human rights system consisting of a series of intergovernmental organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The European Human Rights System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the organizations established is the Council of Europe (COE) â€Å"with the mandate of protecting and promoting human rights and the rule of law through education and enforcement of the regulations of European treaties† (Craig and de Burga 43). The other intergovernmental organizations established during the same period include the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The European Union is mandated with the responsibility of promoting economic stability and peace in the entire Europe but the institutions of the Unio n have formulated policies on human rights. Craig and de Burga add that, â€Å"the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) primarily deals with security issues but also addresses human rights in Europe† (44). These institutions mainly focus on ensuring that human rights in European countries meet the international human rights standards. The history and operations of these three organizations following the end of the World War II until the end of Cold War in 1990 is a clear illustration of Europe’s elaborate human rights system, which is also the most complex human rights system in the world currently (Craig and de Burga 49). These institutions have different levels of competencies, resources, and authority. In addition, the institutions embrace changes and adapt to current challenges pertaining to human rights in order to meet the international human rights standards. The intergovernmental organizations also differ greatly in their level of human ri ghts implementation and monitoring mechanisms with each having different regulations, conventions, and principles of human rights implementation and monitoring.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statement of the problem There have been many concerns in majority of the European Union member states regarding human rights violations. Because of different socio-economic and political backgrounds of the member states, the implementation of the European human rights system often faces challenges. For example, the asylum system of Greece, which prevented migrants from other countries particularly from North Africa from entering the EU, violated the human rights of the migrants. The migrants allegedly faced inhumane treatment at the hands of the police following their arrest (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz189). However, the EU’s efforts of holding the Greece government accoun table for the violation of human rights involving the migrants and asylum seekers have not been fruitful and this indicates the intergovernmental organizations lack sufficient capacity to promote human rights and ensuring that states take full responsibility over human rights violations. In addition, the EU member states have different migration policies and asylum procedures, which the EU has failed to harmonize. One of the main tenets of the European human rights system is to protect individual’s rights to freedom of region and personal autonomy. However, governments of the EU member countries have failed to uphold this provision leading to interference into religion and private lives of citizens. For example, the French government passed legislation in September 2010 that restricts face-covering veils in public places by women (Drzemczewski 78). The legislation even made it an offence for any religion to coerce women to wear face-covering veils and further held that the ne w legislation was compatible with the French constitution. Other European countries have also followed suit including Belgium, Spain, and Germany. In a recap, the European system of human rights has failed to counter the discriminatory laws based on religion, age, disability, and sexual orientation raising many concerns over its effectiveness in the implementation and monitoring of the human rights records of the member states (Drzemczewski 108).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The European Human Rights System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aim of this paper is to establish the role played by the European human rights system in ensuring that states comply with the statutes laid down in the Intergovernmental organizations regarding human rights. Objectives In many European Union States, discriminatory laws enacted have contributed to abuse of human rights, which goes against the spirit of the European human rig hts system. The major objectives in this paper will be: To establish the role played by the European human rights system with regard to the protection of human rights To evaluate the efficiency of the European human rights system in relation to the international human rights standards To outline the specific examples that raise concerns over the Union’s participation in ensuring implementation of human rights by member states To illustrate examples of human rights violations by EU member states and the role played by the Union to mitigate this To provide recommendations on how the European human laws system would improve its efficiency in the wake of growing criticisms over its effectiveness Themes The observance of the human rights by the EU members varies depending on social, economic, and political factors. Despite the efforts of the European human rights system to establish a common system of legislation to guide the implementation of the human rights in all the member states, the specific laws of the states deter the full implementation of human rights (Drzemczewski 97). The major factors that influence the observance or violation of the human rights by the EU member states include: Discrimination Discrimination involves the act of creating a clear separation either through practices, policies or actions that are inappropriate based on the perceptions of the social group involved. Moreover, the social groups involved must be groups â€Å"important to the structure of social interactions across a wide range of social contexts† (Kirsch 1). Thus, the basis of discrimination can be race, gender or religion and the discriminated persons have an orientation towards one of these social groups. In addition, discriminatory conduct places the social group at a disadvantage compared to the other people. In Europe, discrimination and intolerance has become widespread with the minority groups experiencing it the most. The Roma, who are Europe’s largest minority group continue to face marginalization in most of the EU countries subjecting them to extreme poverty across the EU region (Kirsch 4). EU member countries, notably France, have continued to deport the Roma to Kosovo against the UNCHCR guidelines.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More France also targeted the Roma minority for deportation to Eastern Europe against the EU policies that protect the Roma against marginalization. Recently, the French began a spirited campaign to expel the Roma from France following riots over the shooting of a member of the French community (Kirsch 2). This resulted to the repatriation of over a thousand Roma to Romania and Bulgaria. The French government also undertook to dismantle illegal camps by specifically targeting the camps of the Roma minority showing a discriminatory intent. It took European Commission’s threats for France to apply the freedom of movement clause enshrined in the EU legislations. Another notable case of discrimination that is widespread in Europe concerns the legislations in many states that restrict face-covering veils. Despite the concerns that the legislations interfere with the freedom of religion, the French parliament passed a legislation that prohibits wearing of veils by women in public places . Germany and other EU member states also followed suit to restrict public wearing of face-covering veils (Nanz 141). Discrimination based on religion, sexual orientation, age and disability is rampant in most EU states including the Netherlands, which requires that transgender individuals must undergo a gender change to become either a male or a female. Italy on the other hand, lacks stringent laws that can guarantee protection of individuals against discrimination based on gender. Despite the EU’s efforts to enforce anti-discriminatory laws, national obstacles to ending discrimination are prevalent in most countries. Discrimination places the discriminated social group at a disadvantage, which affects the social lives and in turn affects their economic development (Offe 213). In addition, it goes against the international human rights provisions, which grants respect to human dignity and values of a social group and promotes tolerance with respect to minority groups to enha nce peaceful coexistence. However, most of the EU states fall short of these international human rights standards with regard to their handling of the marginalized groups. Democracy Democracy is a form of government, which encompasses equal participation of the people in the determination of the social, cultural, and economic aspects affecting their lives. The electorate participates in the development and implementation of legislations to ensure free and equal opportunities for all. The EU promotes democracy and human rights as the universal core values for effective conflict resolution and poverty reduction (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz 115). The Council of Europe promotes democracy and the rule of law as the fundamental constituents for the observance of human rights by the EU states. The council ensures fairness in elections and public acceptance of elections, which promotes democracy. The EU articulates various concepts of democracy including good governance, democratization and democratic governance in many EU and non-EU countries. The EU promotes democracy in non-EU countries particularly countries from Central Asia such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan through cooperation (Schimmelfennig and Scholtz 205). In addition, recent statistics point to the fact that many migrants from EU and non-EU countries have the freedom to participate in national elections of the host EU nation. Voting for the representatives to EU parliament also shows active participation of the citizens from EU member countries to promote the integration of EU into a common regional and economic bloc. The EU also promotes good governance and democracy in non-EU countries in Central Asia and African states through many democracy-building initiatives. However, the participation of the Union in non-EU countries faces challenges as regards to the intent of the democracy-building activities. According to Schimmelfennig and Scholtz, the EU’s â€Å"loft principles† concerning democracy and democratic governance often fails to meet expected goals, let alone taking any action to sanction the states violating the democratic principles (203). Additionally, the EU has been accused of being inconsistent in the application of its policies to promote democracy. Schimmelfennig and Scholtz attribute the inconsistency in the democracy promotion and democracy building to difference in political, social, and economic factors among the EU states (208). Moreover, disagreements that exist among the union member states, which attempt to protect their domestic interests, further contribute to the variations in foreign policy among the member states. In foreign countries, there exists no clear distinction between the policies of EU as an entity and individual member states regarding democratic governance. Despite the difficulty faced by EU in trying to forge a common position regarding foreign policy, the EU has achieved some success in promoting democracy particularly th rough allowing citizens within the EU to participate in national elections involving the host EU member state (Yuongs 892). Regarding foreign democratic policy, cooperation agreements with the governments of countries such as Uzbekistan from Central Asia have helped to promote democratic governance in those states. However, challenges arise, as it is often problematic for the EU to establish a common position (Nanz 133). Some member states first undertake to protect their domestic interests or the interests of their former colonies in the African continent, which affects the EU foreign policy. Besides, the implementation of democratic principles by nations is a voluntary decision and does not involve sanctions from the EU. Economic, social, and cultural rights The economic, social, and cultural rights are the major components of the human rights of individuals important in the realization of a universal social justice. The implementation of these rights acts as a prerequisite to the development of civil and political rights. For full enjoyment of social liberties, the economic, social, and cultural rights are fundamental. In this context, economic barriers such as poverty prevent people from enjoying their fundamental human rights (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 67). Therefore, when viewed in relation to human rights, poverty is an obstacle to full enjoyment of human rights. Social and cultural freedoms are also fundamental to the full enjoyment of the human rights. Internationally, organizations such as the United Nations International Convention on Economic and Social Rights, the World Health Organization and the International Labor Organization, play a significant role in ensuring that human rights are upheld. The European human rights system protects the economic, social, and cultural rights through the European Council’s Community Charter for the Fundamental Social rights of Workers and the European Social Charter. The EU implements policies to promote th ese rights based on the premise that the resources available in the world are enough for the realizations of the social and economic rights across all the nations of the world. By granting marginalized groups economic, social, and cultural freedom, they are able to engage in issues that affect their political life (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 118). The objectives of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights included protection of the fundamental human rights of the citizens of the European Union taking into account the technological and scientific advancement. The European Charter of Fundamental Rights includes the civil and political rights as part of the fundamental human rights in addition to the social and economic rights. However, the Charter is not legally binding but its provisions are usually incorporated into intergovernmental treaties making them legally binding (Majone 121). The Charter has also been an important tool in many European courts as it serves as a new case law im plying that, in future, the Charter has the potential to protect the economic and social rights of the EU citizens even in challenging technological and scientific developments such as cloning. According to Jacobs, the provisions of the Charter, which expands its covering to include future developments that affect the human rights, will allow the constitutional changes in EU member states in favor of expansion of social and economic rights (285). The Charter also has provisions that cater for social and economic rights of other non-EU nations in line with the EU’s mission of eastward expansion. Provisions in Article 5 prohibit international human trafficking. In this respect, these provisions protect the fundamental rights of non-EU citizens in countries that wish to become EU members. In addition, the inclusion of this provision into the Charter is a show of EU’s foreign policy with regard to social, economic, and cultural rights (Eide, Krause, and Rosas 121). The Cha rter is an important step in spreading the awareness of the various human rights even to non-EU states. However, the Charter is yet to be incorporated into the EU Treaty but is likely to influence greatly the way nations uphold human rights in Europe. In addition to the European Charter for Fundamental Rights, the European Social Charter is also part of the European system of human rights for the protection of social and economic rights. The European Social Charter falls under the Council of Europe and was adopted in 1961 to ensure that states conform to the international human rights standards (Jacobs 291). The Charter grants rights to work, collective bargaining social security, and medical protection to the EU citizens. In addition, the Charter provides for state legal and social assistance to migrant workers from EU and non-EU nations (Lister 281). The Charter specifically protects individuals under employment including better payment and employment benefits and recognizes the r ight to strike involving unsatisfied employees. Although the Charter provides an ideal way of catering for economic and social rights of the citizens, it has no legal obligation and states are not bound legally to conform to its provisions. The European convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which allows EU citizens to seek legal redress if they feel that any state party infringes their individual rights (De la Rochere Para. 6). The establishment of the court marks a milestone in the protection of human rights in Europe as it grants individuals an active role in the protection of their rights by a particular state. It allows any individual who feels that the state has violated his/her rights to file a case against any state organ in this court, which is a break from the traditional way where the states remain the main actors in the international arena. State parties can also file lawsuits against each other in the European Court of Human Rights. Howev er, much of these provisions including the lawsuits involving state parties are rarely used. It is evident that the European human rights system consists of many human rights tools that promote the social and economic rights. The states that ratify the provisions of these treaties must uphold the provisions of the various European Convention Charters to conform to the requirements. The ECHR, for example, provides the best channel through which EU citizens can force their governments to implement policies that could ensure the full enjoyment of their fundamental human rights (Craig and de Burga 49). New developments in science and technology are monitored by the European Charter of Fundamental Rights to protect the citizens. Arguments Participation in decision-making Although the European Union human rights system provides the most comprehensive and expatiate way of protecting the fundamental rights of citizens in the world, the involvement of the citizenry in major decision-making i s limited. In order to meet the demands of the over 731 million EU citizens with regard to human rights, active participation of the citizenry is important (Jacobs 65). Through public participation, the decision-making process particularly involving politics would be able to incorporate the views of the citizenry and allow public criticism regarding the form of governance in the EU member states. Public participation in decision-making has the potential to promote democratic governance in most European nations. In addition, allowing public deliberations of the issues that affect them would create an internationally acceptable agreement with regard to social, economic, and cultural rights. The dissatisfaction of the public with political events occurring in the EU member states is the major cause of the rejection of referenda on the European constitution. The citizens should be given a chance to express their views in matters such as constitution making to avoid such incidences (Jani s, Kay, and Bradley 116). The process of European integration is another latter day contentious issue that requires involvement of the EU citizenry in the implementation process. The current system only involves EU officials and the civil servants in a closed way of making decisions rather than an open transparent system that allows public participation in the decision making process in order to establish an acceptable outcome. In addition, following the recent economic crisis, the EU undertook to control the economic aspects of its citizenry. However, these steps did not involve public participation, which further affects democratic governance as supported by the European council. Although the EU states have the most advanced democracy in the world including transparent elections, the EU has not been quite successful in engaging the public in debating its political future and this has contributed to the decline of public confidence in political institutions in EU as a way of solvin g their economic and social problems (Offe 211). Challenges affecting the EU citizens in recent times including the environmental concerns in the wake of globalization and migration have not been fully addressed by the leadership of these countries giving way to institutions to undertake this role. This has contributed to increased strength and authority of the EU courts and intergovernmental institutions (Janis et al. 134). However, as these institutions take up roles that are more diverse, the democratic governance in the individual states is likely to suffer. To return the countries to democratic governance, an important tenet of the EU, empowering the citizenry through public participation is important. Self governance Self-governance entails the involvement of the citizens in leadership as way of ensuring a well-functioning democratic society. Self-governance allows citizens to articulate their views and exercise their rights while protecting them from infringement of these rig hts by the state (Jacobs 112). Although the EU has a developed system that protects the fundamental rights of individuals, the European Charter recognizes self-governance through the local government and encourages the respective states to respect the autonomy of the local authorities. Under the European Charter, the local authorities have the mandate to manage issues that affect public including public participation and legal issues of the citizens (Fung and Wright 29). Thus, the Charter provides guidelines on self-governance and requires the individual member states to obey them. However, this provision is often a challenge to the European Council because it is difficult to harmonize the local government legislations in the member states with the European international standards in order to expand the scope of public participation in the local affairs. In addition, the local government structures prove to be inadequate in promoting public participation in accordance with the Europ ean Council’s requirements. The Council should promote self-governance at the local level without imposing the requirements that the local authorities have to meet the international standards. Guarantees The European institutions including the Council of Europe (COE) and the European Union (EU) focus more specifically on human rights guarantees with respect to criminal law and violation of human rights. The legislations of these institutions should expand to include community rights and even rights of a given social group in the national or international arena (Majone 21). These legislations should then be anchored in the respective constitutions of the member states. However, Nanz observes that, the implementation process should allow public participation to ensure general acceptability of the new legislations (206). Additionally, the institutions should provide legal actions against countries that fail to respect the provisions pertaining to human rights. Conclusion The Eur opean human rights system promotes the observance of the human rights by the member countries through European institutions notably the European Union and the Council of Europe. However, challenges regarding the implementation of these laws are common particularly with regard to discriminatory laws in the member states. To protect the cultural, social, and economic rights, which are the fundamental human rights, the European Social Charter is the important document. However, with respect to democracy and self-governance, the EU has contributed to the decline in democratic governance through the reduced scope of public participation as more focus is given to EU officials and the government. By promoting public deliberations over issues affecting them, the policy choices of the member states would be more acceptable to the citizenry and the human rights violations would decline. Craig, Paul, and de Burga, Grainne. EU Law. Text, Cases, and Materials. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2 003. De la Rochere, Jacqueline. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 2004. Web.. ecln.net/. Drzemczewski, Albert. The European Human Rights Convention in Domestic Law; a Comparative Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983. Eide, Asbjorn, Krause, Catarina, and Rosas, Allan. Economic, Social and Cultural  Rights as Human Rights. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 2001. Fung, Allan, and Wright, Eliud. Deepening democracy: institutional innovations  In empowered participatory governance. London: Verso, 2003. Jacobs, Francis. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Janis, Mark, Kay, Richard, and Bradley, Anthony. European Human Rights Law; Text and Materials. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Kirsch, Norman. Does the French Governments Deportation of Roma Violate the Law of  The European Union? 2010. Web. https://www.slideshare.net/slauwers/memo-steven-lauwers. Lister, Morgan. The European Union and the South. Relations with developing  Countries. New Yo rk: Routledge, 1997. Majone, Giandomenico. â€Å"Europes Democratic Deficit: The Question of Standards.† European Law Journal 4.1 (1998): 5-28. Nanz, Peters. Europolis: Constitutional Patriotism beyond Nation state.  Manchester: Manchester UP, 2006. Offe, Criffiths. Political Disaffection as an outcome of institutional practices?  Some post-Tocquevillean speculations. London: Routledge, 2006. Schimmelfennig, Fresch, and Scholtz, Hillard. â€Å"EU democracy promotion in the European neighborhood Political conditionality, economic development, and transnational exchange.† European Union Politics 9.2 (2008): 187-215. Yuongs, Robert. â€Å"Democracy promotion as external governance?† Journal of European  Public Policy16.3 (2009): 895-915.

Under the Whiplash by Lara Oruno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Under the Whiplash by Lara Oruno - Essay Example First used by the Greeks, slavery has roots in the antique forced labor practices of the Egypt of pharaohs, Greece, Italy and the Middle East, particularly in Babylon and Assyria. A people stripped of any right to demand status of origin or title [name], slavery, apparently has a long history that saw Europe enslave approximately 20 percent of their own population at some point; a practice that only faded out in the fifteen century with the newfound sources from the far continents of Africa and Asia (Coates 18). With the advent of large scale plantations in the Americas, tens of millions of Africans became victims of slavery. Like the antique slaves, they were not only subjected to forced labor, but had to yield to the sexual demands of their masters. Keeping with the old tradition, all male slaves, irrespective of their ages, acquired the tittle "boy". Unlike the old slavery that offered a relief through some form of emancipation, slavery in the Caribbean was but a totalitarian syst em based on extreme exploitation driven in part by racism (Coates 19). The only alternative to freedom to such cruelty were brave flight efforts with a subsequent strong resistance. While the two terms, forced labor and slavery, have historically been used interchangeably, there exist a thin line in between. According to the International Labor Organization, forced labor refers to â€Å"work imposed on a person under the threat(s) of a penalty and for which the willingness to offer such a service is non-existent† (ILO par 3). Slavery, however, is an elastic concept that not only covers forced labor, but includes the dimension of the subjects involved being treated as property worth some definite price. (Laura 162). In the second article, â€Å"Who was responsible?† Elikia M'Bokolo tries to navigate the thicket of who should take the responsibility on the massive shipments of Africans to the Americas. A controversial subject that has left historians with more of a guess work, M'Bokolo works extracts extra hard to deconstruct the myth placing the Africans themselves right in the middle. From slave-raiding that involved outright abduction to slave-trading, either of the processes engaged the expedition of man-hunts that carried maximum risks, including mass killings; the 1446 massacre near the Cap Vert peninsula in present-day Senegal was but a clear indication of the Africans determination to fight off enslavement. Accordingly, the Europeans, particularly the Portuguese, were the pioneer traders in slaves, perhaps to minimize the risks of deaths in millions, of people whose services were increasingly needed to sustain plantation farming in America. Understandably, slave-raiding continued even after the routinisation of slave-trade, occasionally becoming a buffer source of slaves’ supply for traders. M'Bokolo goes to note that the terms of trade were never in the hands of Africans; the occasional raids coupled with the building of forts along the coastline sent a clear message to the rulers of the continent that left them with no choices other than to comply (Coates 21). As such, though Africans got involved in selling their fellow brothers, Europe’s domination shaped every aspect of the trade, leaving Africa counting its losses as they [th e Europeans] reaped massively. Bluntly put, slave trade, to Africans, was a kind of diabolical-plot which forcefully made them [Africans] accomplices or otherwise perish in the merciless expeditions. The section â€Å"A Controversial Question† highlights the controversy on who between the Europeans and Africans should bear the blame in perpetuating the

W7 OM Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W7 OM Discussion - Essay Example Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified several major components of SCM, including planning and control, work structure, organizational structure, management methods, product flow facility structure, and power and leadership structure. By implication, for effective SCM to be said to have taken place, supply chain managers must be in a position to adequately put management processes in all of these components together. It is for this reason that SCM has been considered to be a shared responsibility, involving the coordinated efforts of several departments and workforce within the organization (Meredith and Shafer, 2014). Once SCM is used, there are a number of benefits that the organization practicing can get. According to Mentzer, J.T. et al. (2001), SCM helps in ensuring efficiency by ensuring that supply chain managers are able to respond quickly to all issues and changes that take place within the supply chain. This way, chances of delays are well catered for. SCM has also been noted to have the advantage of ensuring information transparency due to its open ended approach and the fact that it functions on the shared responsibility

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay Example for Free

Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factorys sweet success Essay The major competing sweet producers Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory and Hershey’s company have different business strategies, which give them distinct status in the market of the USA. RMCF is concerned in its perspectives and long-term goals to make the company more profitable and successful in the sphere of chocolate business. Hershey’s company deals with the short-term objectives and tries to obtain profit in an abridged period of time. The business strategy of profit-making Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has the competitive advantage over prosperous Hershey’s company in corporate governance, organizational structure and confection distribution in the USA. The first difference between the companies is that the corporate governance of RMCF is structured more efficiently than Hershey’s. Corporate governance of RMCF consists of directors who have equal rights. RMCF administers its main rules with three to nine directors (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p263). Despite the main principals, the specific board of directors operates as a head of the whole organization and it is able to elect directors itself. This condition is likely to motivate the directors, so they try to accomplish their part of business as accurate as possible. Shareholders have a right to vote in yearly meetings and they can have an influence on the election of the potential directors by giving the additional number of votes (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p264). In consequence, the shareholders who have invested money into the company can be confident in the liability of the people to whom they give the opportunity to control the business. Unlike RMCF the Hershey’s c ompany has different types of directors who have their special responsibilities in conducting the business. The governance of the company consists of three types of directors, namely independent, informed and engaged, also a board of directors, which perform various functions in management. Such a bureaucratic structure makes the decision-making process more complicated and creates difficulties with the overall performance of the company. Board members of the company can easily intervene into the tasks of the workers and they can hire new employees without any restrictions (The Hershey Company, 2013). This action may disrupt employees from work and directors can have another option that will not be considered due to their limited liability. Corporate governance of Hershey’s company does not include the participation of shareholders in arranging managers for the firm, so the shareholders are not aware of the financial environment of the company. Thus, the exact number of directors and the role of the Board of directors make the RMCF’s governance organized in a beneficial form, whereas Hershey’s faces several difficulties with it. The second privilege of RMCF is an adept and profit-seeking organizational structure. RMCF has its own shops and franchises which are situated in the regional malls, tourist-oriented retail areas, ski resort, specialty retail centers, airports, neighborhood centers, and factory outlet malls (Harrison, 2003, p240). This location of the chocolate shops creates positive selling opportunities by attracting customers and promoting the product as well. According to the Success Magazine, in 1995-96 the Rocky Mountain was in the seventh position of the 100 top franchisers (cited in Harrison, 2013, p420). Spreading its name recognition through company-owned stores and franchisers, RMCF had gained such a high result in determining its market force and competitive advantage over a majority of companies working in the same field. Crail (1996) states ‘We find the location, negotiate the lease, design the store, coordinate the build-out, bring the franchise here for training, send a distinct manager to the store opening, and have ongoing field support and regional and national convention’ (cited in Harrison, 2003, p420). Taking into consideration all the aspects of organizing the structure of the whole business helps RMCF achieve success without any inadvertences. For example, the total revenue of the company in 1995 was 13,616, 134 USD and up to 1998, it had a tremendous increase showing 23,763,82 USD (Harrison, 2003, pp.423-424). In contrast to RMCF’s organizational structure, Hershey’s company decided to form special commercial groups in order to obtain the significant part of the market share (New Organizational Structure to Leverage U.S. Scale and Accelerate Global Growth, 2005). They were aimed to spread the producing companies all around the world. Hershey’s has its selling premises in 50 countries of the world (Keidel et al., 2010). The company was not concerned in the thorough organization of its structure; that is why it had to fund its company in other countries too. To summarize, RMCF establishes its franchises around the USA and increases the sales by allocating stores in the places with target audience while Hershey’s fail in organizing the right structure, consequently the company has to move into the market of foreign countries. The third quality that makes the business strategy of RMCF more valuable rather than Hershey’s is product distribution. RMCF delivers its products through shipments to distribution outlets from the premise of manufacturing Durango, Colorado. Franchisees are not provided with the immense space to hold the goods, so they ask the company to give them the quantities that they are able to sell during 14 to 28 days (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). By following this strategy, RMCF chocolate can be a reliable product in terms of freshness. ‘RMCF believed that it should control the manufacturing of its own products in order to better maintain its high product quality standards, offer unique proprietary products, manage costs, control production and shipment schedules, and pursue new or underutilized distribution channels’ (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012, p.26-10). At the same time, the Hershey’s company distributes its products through â€Å"grocery stores, mass merchandisers and drug stores and functions as a single entity†. More than the half of total sales is received from â€Å"merchandisers† and â€Å"supermarkets† (Keidel, et al., 2010). In case the Hershey’s has a delayed delivery; it needs to pay fine for the customers who will not promote Hershey’s products, so losses in sales and credibility will probably occur (Zsidisin, 2006). Hershey’s company faces losses of capital in the period of distribution process; the borders of the time that the delivery of the products should last are not clearly stated. That can be harmful for the customers as the chocolate products are likely to spoil through time. Taking all the aspects into consideration, RMCF is dominating in distribution by saving the quality of chocolates, whereas Hershey’s company is not able to protect freshness without dec reasing the budget of the Company in its business strategy. To conclude, Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory has more productive venture planning than Hershey’s company in controlling authority, confirmation scheme and product distribution. Controlling authorities in the RMCF have equal opportunities and reliabilities in business, while Hershey’s company is regulated mostly by a board of directors who can set the rules and hire the new employees without discussing with other directors. Conformation scheme of the companies differs from each other by allocating the stores and establishing the outlets. RMCF spreads its products to the places where many people can purchase them; in contrast, Hershey’s company delivers its products to particular stores. As RMCF is worried about its future goals, it achieves lucrative results, so Hershey’s company should also concentrate on its remote future aims.

The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti :: Nicola Sacco Bartolomeo Vanzetti

The Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti -- were they guilty or just victims of circumstance? You decide. This case was one of the most controversial court cases in America's history and soon you will know why. Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who emigrated to America in 1908. At the time, Sacco was seventeen, and Vanzetti was 20. In April 1920, Sacco was working in a shoe factory, and Vanzetti was selling fish on the streets. Of the two immigrants, only Sacco had a family in the United States. His wife, Rosina, was expecting her second child. Their first son, Dante, was two years old. Both men were aliens, non-citizens, but Vanzetti had begun the process of citizenship. However, he did not speak English. Sacco and Vanzetti were accused of murdering the paymaster and a guard at the Slater and Morrill shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, on April 15, 1920. They were also accused of taking two payroll boxes which contained $15,776.51. Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested on May 5, 1920, when they went with two other men, Orciani and Boda, to pick up Boda's car from a garage. The car was not ready, so they left the garage and hopped a street car. The police stopped the street car and arrested them. Orciani was arrested the next day, but let go when his alibi checked out. Sacco was only charged with the Braintree murders. Vanzetti, however, was charged with both the Braintree murders, and another robbery, the Bridgewater crime. They were indicted on September 14, 1920, and put on trial on May 31, 1921. Their trial lasted almost seven weeks, and on July 14, 1921, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were found guilty of murder in the first degree. They would be executed for this crime. During the trial, there were many conflicting facts. For example, a hat found at the scene of the crime was assumed to be Sacco's. However, when Sacco tried it on, it did not fit his head. Sacco told the court he wore a size 7 1/8, and this hat was size 6 7/8. How could that have been Sacco's hat if it wasn't even his size? Sacco was also asked why he was carrying a gun on May 5. He replied, "My wife cleaned the house because we are to go Saturday to New York to get the boat to Italy. She found the pistol then.

Innocent Smoothies Essay

What is branding? Branding is the process involved in creating a distinctive look for a product or company to create desire and trust from the customers for the product or company. A way a company can use branding is by having a unique logo or motto because it’s a way for the public to recognise the brand. The name of the company is another method of branding, because if your company has a name that stands out from others it will catch people’s attention, and people will be familiar with what you’re talking about and who they are purchasing from. There are 3 different types of branding: Product branding, service branding and corporate branding. Product branding is a specific product for example Nike Air by Nike. It’s a unique part of branding because it’s a small part of the main brand. Service Branding is a specific service by a brand for example iTunes by Apple as that is just a music downloading service, while Apple is a multi product company. Corporate branding i s a larger part of branding because it’s a brand that applies to a variety of products within one company, for example Malteasers are a part of the Mars Inc. corporate brand. Branding in Action: Innocent Smoothies and Children In Need This company was founded in 1998. They started with smoothies and from there expanded into food, juice and children’s smoothies. They concentrated on a health focus of their products contained 2 of your 5 a day. Innocent have about 78% market share. Innocent smoothies use an angel with a halo with no mouth as their logo; they use this as their logo to persuade customers that their products are ‘innocent’ like angels and that they are good for you and your body. This logo is a significant part of the Innocent brand because they use a distinguishable logo; no other well known brand uses a smiley without a mouth and a halo. Innocent is also uniquely recognisable because its marketing is that it’s healthy and good for you, this health aspect is a major part of Innocent’s branding. Innocent add value to their products by saying how healthy they are and how good they are for you. They only use recyclable packaging when they first formed their recycling eff orts stood at  70% they are now at 100% which is a huge achievement. The company use lots of different combinations of flavours, some you would not think of putting together. All their products are natural, no added flavours. They do their best to promote their brands by making a big thing out of being good for your body. Parents are more likely to buy as there are no additives. They boost their image as more people buy the products as lots of people are health conscious now. They also do various promotions like a woolly hat campaign to raise money for charity. They changed the name of their product to make it more successful, their previous name was Naked. That would have needed a completely different promotion as they want to be associated with good. These businesses need to promote themselves for people to see them and to recognise them for doing something differentiating them from competitors. Innocent smoothies promote themselves by doing unique things that other brands don’t, for example they notified customers how much the bottle had been recycled and they eventually had a 100% recycled bottle Children in Need are a charity in the UK that was founded in 1980. As a charity they have raised over  £600 million and they help to change the lives of disabled, vulnerable and young people of the UK. Children in Need raise money doing baking activities, fancy dress events and they encourage the public to do sponsored challenges and they have a big Children in Need television show. The Children in Need brand is best known for Pudsey the bear and its big telethon around November. Pudsey is highly recognisable in the brand because he has a unique eye patch that makes him stand out from any other mascot bear. Pudsey is also another way for Children in Need to attract children because he is a character as well as a mascot. The Children in Need brand is well known for its telethon in BBC, people recognise the telethon because it’s on a Friday night on a channel that is advert free so people are more likely to tune in. The telethon is well known for its challenges and celebrity e ndorsement and they also will have a combination of two well know shows for example Eastenders and ITV’s Coronation Street called ‘East Street’. Children in Need add value to their product by having unique merchandise; the products are unique because of Pudsey as he himself is a unique mascot. They add value to the customer because they emphasise the fact that all the money they make will go to a good cause which makes  people sympathetic, and even people who are not concerned about the children will donate because the products they provide are ‘fashionable’. Children in Need’s brand personality is that they help children and therefore that they’re caring and considerate. They are a fun charity and do a lot of fundraising events and activities, which is attractive to children and parents. Their ethical image is a large benefit to their company because people will recognise that what they do will help unfortunate children, and that will increase their customer preference for donating to their charity. This will enable them to raise more money therefore they will be able to do more fundraising and provide more entertainment. Them being seen as a fun charity will help them because the public can be encouraged to get involved in their work as it is enjoyable as well as helping at the same time. If the branding for Children in Need was not successful, and did not make them appear to be caring and considerate, then people wouldn’t donate and they would boycott from donating and participating from their fundraising . If they weren’t a fun charity then people wouldn’t be as interested in donating to their charity and they wouldn’t be as well known as they are now. They need to promote themselves so they can raise awareness of their various charities, for example in Southend they help the following charities: Southend Association of Voluntary Services, Southend Mencap and Southend Mind. Children in Need differentiate themselves by the way they promote their company, for example they have popular celebrity endorsement in their adverts. They need to differentiate themselves from other charities so that they can stand out so they can get more donations. The Children in Need charity promote their service by having famous and popular comedians in their shows and they have well known children entertainers. Another way they use promotion is by the way they have the show on BBC One where there are no TV adverts, so no adverts for competitor charities. They also promote themselves by having well known supermarkets selling their product and supporting them, for example Asda. They also use paper promotion, for example leaflets and flyers and billboards. T he most popular way they are recognised is by advertising using their mascot Pudsey. Innocent is environmentally friendly , recycle , sustainable ingredient sources, super market promo , festival , tv , humor Children in need :  helping , money 4 good , super market promotion , tv , humor Marketing mix a key tool in marketing. The marketing mix is usually vital when deciding a products marketing and include the following P’s : Pricing , Promotion, Place and Product. I will be talking about the Innocent Fruit Tubes and how the marketing mix is used in branding. Fruit tubes are a yoghurt mad by Innocent and they are made from 100% fruit and they have 2 different combination flavours: Strawberry mixed with raspberry and mango and pineapple. The company are proud to say that this product has no artificial sweeteners or any added sugar and lumpy bits. This product has and overall rating of 4.5/5 and a majority of 5/5 ratings. The packaging is designed for kids, you can tell this by the way it is very colourful and the fruit logos on each tube has a character name and an interesting fact. The size of the packaging is small and easy for customer and children to manage. The Innocent Fruit Tubes are roughly priced at around  £1.99 for a average packet of 6 tubes. The yoghurts are priced at roughly  £0.33 per yoghurt which is a reasonable cost and affordable for many people Innocent promote their fruit tubes by having promotional offers such as 12 tubes for just  £3.00 and they use TV, magazine, billboards and posters to promote their Fruit Tubes. They will have a sales team who will go and pitch their product to popular supermarkets and confectionary retailers. The most well known promotional campaign they used was The Big Knit which was when they appealed for members of the public to knit mini woolly hats for their innocent products to help raise money for the elderly and to keep people warm during the winter. Innocents Fruit tubes are on sale in multiple different places for example super market stores or online super markets and shops, cafe’s and sandwich bars. The product is distributed all over the UK as well as many places in Europe such as: Belgium, Denmark, Germany. France and many other countries in Europe and in the Maldi ves .

Supervise Children and Young People on Journeys

Supervise children and young people on Journeys, visits and activities outside of the setting 1 . Understand the policy and procedures for supervising children and young people on Journeys, visits and activities outside of the setting. There are various organisational and legal requirements for supervising children on journeys, visits and activities outside of the school setting. These include policies and procedures which should be carried out by the school including risk assessments of areas that will be visited (New2teaching, 2013).Risks assessments will identify any hazards and/or dangers and who might be armed and how this may happen, allow the risks to be evaluated and check if the precautions are sufficient. They also allow staff to record their findings and review and revise assessments if necessary. Prior to the trip, the school will have to inform parents or guardians of all the necessary details in good time and obtain their consent for their child to go on the school trip . This should be in writing and include at least the location, date and time of departure and arrival, purpose, price and what is required on the trip by the children.The school should have other necessary information of each child going on the trip, ncluding dietary information, allergies, any other medical conditions and also if they suffer from travel sickness. Also, the school should ensure that there is a suitable adult-child ratio and that all Moreover, there must be sufficient insurance cover for all participants of the trip as well as accidents and emergency policies and procedures, which should be in place for off-site visits. There should be a budget in place for the school trip, including expenditure and contingency costs and all money should be accounted.A record should be made showing all payments made by pupils and receipts should be issued to each of hem. It is important that children, young people and adults have complete and accurate information about travel arrange ments in good time. This is to ensure that everyone arrives on time, prepared with any necessary resources. This is to avoid delay of departure or even not going on the visit if there is something missing or another difficult situation arises where someone or all of those who are involved may not be able to go on the trip as planned.It is necessary to ensure that vehicles used on trips are in good condition and safe for all passengers (New2teaching, 2013). Also, if the Journey is long, then it will be necessary to make sure there are snacks and check that there is a toilet on the coach or the relevant transport. If this is not possible then there should be an arranged stop for toilet breaks. It should be checked that drivers are competent and have the correct licence and if necessary whether to have more than one driver in case of fatigue.The preparations which need to be made by all those going on Journeys, visits and off-site activities would be to ensure that all individuals have appropriate clothing and sufficient food and drink should be taken where necessary. There should be a list of all those attending the visit and registers made for supervisors in order to account for all children on the trip. There should be someone who is in charge of funds in case of an emergency or break down of vehicle during a trip. should be ensured that there is a first aider on the trip, along with a first aid box.Also, at least one member of the group should carry a mobile phone with them in case of emergency and they should have emergency contact numbers. There should also be a point of contact belonging to the area visited on the school trip and the staff ember should be familiar of this. In case someone on the trip goes missing, staff should be aware of where to go in the area visited and should be made aware of the procedures. Any medication, for example, inhalers should be taken for those who may fall ill during the visit.In the case of late departure and arrival, the school should be informed by the relevant staff on the trip and parents should be notified for security reasons. The following is an account of the Oakwood Primary School trip for Nursery and Reception class to Gulliver's Land, in Milton Keynes, which took place on 27th June 013. Prior to the trip, I made sure what time I had to be in school for and what time the bus would be leaving. This was well after my normal start time for work so I didn't need to leave the house any earlier. As the Journey was about 45 minutes, it was a direct route.Therefore, no stops were needed. All staff that were attending were given a list with the names of the group of children for which they would be responsible. It was made sure that there were no more than 6 children in each group. My group was a group of 6 from the Reception class. The bus was due to leave at gam. As soon as the children arrived at 8. 30am and ushered into the class, they were settled down and the register was taken, ensuring all t he children that were going on the trip were present. Before departing, we bag and that it was labelled with their name.We also asked the children if they needed to go to the toilet so nobody needed to go during the Journey. The children were told to stay with their group at all times and were put into pairs. We then went to board the bus. I sat at the front of the bus and helped the children near me to put on their seatbelts. All of their packed lunches were placed at the front f the bus, in the designated area for luggage. The register was taken by the Early Years Manager and a headcount was carried out. I ensured all the children in my group were present.During the Journey, I made sure the children did not remove their seatbelts or move out of their seat. Some of the children had accessories like hats and sunglasses, so I told them to look after them. There were no issues during the Journey and the children were fine on the bus. When we arrived, the children were told to get thei r belongings and the bus was checked thoroughly to prevent anything being left ehind. The children were told to get into their groups and reminded of which staff member they would have to stay with throughout the trip.The register was taken to check that all the children were off the bus. I made my group stay in their pairs, hold hands with each other and to stay with me at all times. We arrived in good time, Just before the park opened. This ensured we had as much time as possible in the park. We were all given a map and details of attractions that were available throughout the day. When the park was open, we were allowed in and it was snack time for the children. So we went to a sheltered bench area and sat the children down and made sure they had their fruit or other snack. I made sure my group was sat down and in my sight.When they had finished their snack, I told them to throw their waste in the bins provided by the bench area and not litter the ground. They were told to give t heir pack lunches to their group leader and any belongings they did not require until later. These were all placed in secure lockers, which were next to the bench area. We were told to meet up again at this area at lunch time. We then decided to stay with other group and go on the same rides, so any children ho did not want to go on a particular ride could be supervised by another adult, while another group leader went on the ride with the rest of the children.The rides on which I escorted the children, I ensured they were sat securely, making sure any safety harnesses were attached and that they held on to the bars provided, so that they were comfortable. When it was almost time for lunch, we made our way back to the lunch area and gave into their carrier bag and put back in the locker, along with any other belongings. Occasionally the children some of the children would try to leave their partner or the roup as they were drawn to an attraction or something else and I was constantl y reminding them to stay together and not wander off.After going on a ride, one child in my group was not feeling well because the ride was a shock for her. We made sure she did not go on anymore rides that would not be appropriate and made her for a while until she felt better to go on other rides. In between rides, some children need to go to the toilet, so I accompanied them and left the other children in my group with another staff member. I counted how many children were with me and when they were finished, I ensured the same number of hildren came out of the toilet.It was nearing the time of departure from the park and we were waiting to get on a ride. My group was waiting with another group. We wanted the children to ride but we knew that there was a shortage of time. The other group leader made a call to the Early Years Manager to see if we would be able to go on the ride and she said that we did not have enough time. Therefore, we had to leave the waiting area for the ride and gather our groups. I went with the Early Years Manager to get the bags from the lockers, after leaving my roup supervised with another staff member.After we retrieved the bags and checked there was nothing left, we tended to our groups and ensured every child was there. When we exited the park, the children were in their pairs and we boarded the bus. The register was taken again and the headcount was repeated. On the way back a child sitting in front of me fell asleep, so I put her head in a comfortable position for her. When we reached school, I gently woke her before we got off the bus. As we got off the bus, we checked detached the children's seatbelt for hem and ensured that they were getting off safely and not leaving anything behind.

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays

Causes of Brainstem Death Essays Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Causes of Brainstem Death Essay Discuss the causes of brain-stem decease and those parts of the brain-stem that keep you alive. The brain-stem is a cardinal part for automatic neurological coordination with many critical functions. Descending from the interbrain, to the spinal cord ; the brain-stem consists of the mesencephalon, superiorly, the Ponss and the myelin oblongata, inferiorly ( Fig.1 ) . The brain-stem is responsible for supplying a conduit for neurones between the spinal cord and the higher Centres of the prosencephalon, every bit good as incorporating the of import karyon of cranial nervousnesss III through XII ( Snell, 2010 ) . The brain-stem besides takes charge of automatic Centres of import for prolonging life, this function and the pathology that puts it at hazard being the focal point of this essay. The control airing is a map the brain-stem undertakes to keep life.A Ventilation has two components to its control: voluntary and automatic. The voluntary ordinance originates in the intellectual cerebral mantle ( St. John, 1998 ) , whereas the automatic control comes from specific karyon within the Pons and Medulla. The automatic constituent is responsible for keeping changeless airing when the cerebral mantle is set abouting other undertakings and during slumber. It is besides responsible for the homeostasis of blood gases, with centripetal input from the fringe every bit good as its ain centripetal map. The medullary respiratory Centre comprises of two countries: the ventral ( VRG ) and dorsal ( DRG ) respiratory groups ( Fig. 2 ) . The dorsal respiratory group of nerve cells, are located in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus solitarius ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) and contains neurones involved in control of inspiration. A ventrolateral column within the myelin, widening from the facial karyon ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) into the spinal cord near to the degree of C1, represents the VRG. It contains the nucleus ambiguus and karyon retroambigualis and is involved in the control of both inspiration and termination. The DRG is made up preponderantly of pre-motor bulbospinal neurones ( St. John, 1998 ) which terminate within the spinal cord at the degrees of the phrenic and intercostal motor neurones. However, these have been shown to hold a less of import function as lesions of this country have presented insignificantly ( Ballanyi and Ruangkittisakul, 2009 ) . It appears the more important country is the VRG which contains a assortment of neurone types. Some are bulbospinal and exert similar control to the DRG ( St. John, 1998 ) . Others travel within the cranial nervousnesss, peculiarly the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss, to co-ordinate musculuss in the caput and cervix besides involved in respiration. There are besides neurones going entirely within the brain-stem. At the rostral terminal of the VRG is a peculiarly of import country involved in coevals of respiratory beat, the pre-Botzinger composite ( pre-Bot ) .A It has been suggested that, due to the profound consequence lesions in this part has on respiration, that neurones from this country have a pacesetter capacity ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . Within the Ponss, associated to the karyon parabrachialis medialis and Kolliker-Fuse karyon ( St. John, 1998 ; Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) , is the pneumotaxic Centre ( Personal computer ) . This rostral pontine subdivision contains a mixture of inspiratory, expiratory and phase-spanning neurones which communicate with the VRG via the pontine reticulate formation. It has been shown to exercise some consequence on respiratory beat coevals as the beat becomes really fickle after transection of the ponto-medullary junction, as shown in Figure. 3. As already stated, the brain-stem is besides responsible for keeping homeostasis. A alteration in blood-gas composing is detected in the carotid and aortal organic structures, by glomus cells, and fed back to the brain-stem via the glossopharyngeal and pneumogastric nervus severally. These peripheral chemoreceptors are largely sensitive to O2 concentration, whereas the CO2/pH-sensitive chemoreceptors are largely found within the brain-stem and are known as cardinal chemoreceptors ( Feldman et al, 2003 ) . The CO2/pH sensitiveness reflects the adequateness of take a breathing comparative to metamorphosis and so has a greater consequence on respiration with merely 1-mm Hg addition in PCO2 additions airing by 20 % -30 % . Cardinal chemoreceptors can be found within: the karyon tractus solitarius ; locus ceruleus ; the midplane medullary rhaphe ; the retrotrapezoid karyon ; the pre-Bot ; and, the parts lying merely beneath the ventral medullary surface ; and are defined as countries which exhibit an excitatory response to an addition in CO2 or H+ concentration ( Ballantyne and Scheid, 2000 ) to increase motor end product. Mechano-sensors and proprioceptors within the associated musculuss and the lung wall, besides act to suppress inspiration, to guarantee the lungs are nt over hyperbolic, doing harm to them. ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . Closely related to the respiratory Centres of the brain-stem are the nuclei commanding cardiovascular map, another constituent vital to life. The map of the respiratory system is keeping gas concentrations in the organic structure, and this must be facilitated by the cardiovascular system. Respiratory and cardiovascular beat are regulated synergistically to guarantee equal ventilation-perfusion, ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . This means that the control centres for both systems communicate to environmental challenges to homeostasis are dealt with and return the organic structure back to normal. For illustration, if the organic structure was to go hypoxic, chemoreceptors would arouse a alteration in both systems, increasing airing and bosom rate, to change by reversal this alteration ( Nicholls and Paton, 2009 ) . The Nucleus tractus solitarius ( NTS ) is cardinal to autonomic cardiovascular ordinance, and is, as already stated, associated with the DRG ( Hirooka, 2008 ) . Other countries involved are the rostral ventrolateralmedulla ( RVLM ) ; nucleus ambiguus ; and the midplane rhaphe karyon of the myelin, the parabrachial karyon of the Ponss ; and the periaqueductal grey country of the mesencephalon ( Topolovec et al, 2004, Kong et al, 2007 ) . Of these, possibly the most of import in cardiovascular control are the RVLM, nucleus ambiguus and the NTS. The NTS is the primary site for integrating of the chemoreceptor and baroreceptor physiological reactions ( Thomas et al, 2000 ) . Baroreception allows the organic structure to feel alterations in blood force per unit area and the sensory nerve fibres for this are located within the walls of the atria, aortal and carotid organic structures. These sensory nerves, along with chemoreceptive informations, travel to the NTS via the pneumogastric and glossopharyngeal nervousnesss to exercise synaptic influence on vagal end product to the bosom ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . It has besides been suggested that there is a grade of cardinal esthesis to blood force per unit area within the brain-stem itself ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . Activation of baroreceptors evokes bradycardia, reduces vascular opposition and so reverses high blood pressure. For this to happen, the NTS must synapse with other karyon of the brain-stem to trip an autonomic response. The autonomic Centres concerned with cardiovascular control are RVLM and nucleus ambiguus. Sympathetic pre-motor neurones originate preponderantly in the RVLM. When signals come from baroreceptors, they synapse with these pre-motor motor nerves to convey about a rise in blood force per unit area ( Shusterman et al, 2002 ) . This is done largely by doing vasoconstriction and therefore raises entire peripheral opposition ( Spyer and Gourine, 2009 ) . The nucleus ambiguus is the important Centre in cut downing cardiac end product when in a hypertensive province. This is completed by parasympathetic pre-motor fibers, to bring forth a negative chronotropic consequence on the bosom, via the vagus nervousnesss. Another country of peculiar importance within the brain-stem is the reticulate formation ( RF ) ( Fig. 4 ) . Dwelling of three columns and crossing the whole length of the brain-stem ; the RF contributes to many critical control mechanisms within the organic structure, such as: bodily and splanchnic esthesis ; the autonomic and endocrinal nervous systems ; the biological clock ; and consciousness ( Snell, 2010 ) . Consciousness is peculiarly critical in remaining alive as it allows voluntary endurance behaviors, directed by the intellectual cerebral mantle, to be displayed. Part of the RF, the go uping reticulate energizing system is responsible for triping the cerebral mantle and conveying about wakefulness ( Parvizi and Damasio, 2001 ) . Causes of Brainstem Death Brainstem decease is the consequence of a major traumatic event and is defined as a province in which there is irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness combined with irreversible loss of the capacity to take a breath spontaneously ( and therefore to keep a self-generated bosom round ) ( Pallis and Harley, 1996 ) . The causes for brain-stem decease can be loosely grouped into two classs, those that cause direct physical injury to the neurones of the brain-stem and interrupt their interconnectednesss ; or those causes ensuing in hypoxia, go forthing the neurones unable to keep metamorphosis and doing hurtin situ. Physical injury to the brain-stem breaks down the intricate excitatory tracts within it, therefore rendering communicating between the Centres of the brain-stem, and the parts under their control, impossible. Often the consequence of a head hurt, one illustration of this is the ponto-medullary tear ( Fig. 5 ) . This is a rupture of the ponto-medullary junction and is frequently the consequence of a blunt caput injury, such as a caput butt ( Stan et al, 1996 ) . The RF is one country that is likely to be damaged in such an hurt, ensuing in the patient falling into a deep irreversible coma. Centres for both respiratory and cardiac control could besides be separated, e.g. the parabrachial nucleus.A As the patient would be unable to restart consciousness and prolong cardio-respiratory map, they would be deemed brainstem dead, and so harmonizing to UK jurisprudence, lawfully dead. A ponto-medullary tear is non the lone cause of decease as a consequence of caput injury. Rapid slowing within the cranial pit, such as that experienced during a route traffic accident, can besides frequently result in lesions within the brain-stem ( Gunji et al, 2002 ) . It must besides be noted that a big lesion to the brain-stem is frequently accompanied by monolithic haemorrhaging, taking to extra hurt to other countries of the brain-stem and is discussed subsequently. Tumors can besides hold a traumatic effect within the brain-stem, damaging neurones as they infiltrate tissues ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) . Bleeding, as a consequence of caput injury, raises intracranial force per unit area: another major cause of brain-stem decease. As the dura mater does non spread out, there is a changeless intracranial volume. By adding to the content of the pit, e.g. arterial bleeding, the force per unit area additions and so has a damaging consequence on the delicate nervous tissue within. As intracranial blood perfusion is reciprocally relative to the pit force per unit area, an addition could to take to reduced perfusion force per unit area and even infarction of some cardinal countries of the brain-stem. Another effect of a force per unit area addition is herniation. This is where the increased force per unit area causes motion of the encephalon around the dural dividers and through the hiatuss magnum. This can do either tenseness within the intellectual peduncles and mesencephalon or coerce the delicate constructions against the harder 1s ( Hussain et al, 2008 ; Crippen, 2009 ) . This means these countries can either be damaged by the physical injury of the supplanting or the resulting ischaemia: as these countries can non be adequately perfused with blood. The exact place of the beginning of the raised force per unit area will propagate force in a certain way ( Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development, 2004 ) . One illustration of this is when a downward force pushes the lower myelin through the hiatuss magnum: a tonsillar herniation. The attendant harm will happen in the part of the brain-stem incorporating many of the Centres for CV and respiratory control and can t ake to an inability to take a breath without cortical excitation: Ondine s expletive ( Smith and DeMyer, 2003 ) . A shot is where intellectual blood flow is interrupted, doing mortification of the unperfused tissue. This can be caused by either obstruction of the blood vas or a bleeding doing blood flow to be diverted off. Haemorrhagic shots can originate from a ruptured aneurysm or a bleeding tumor ( Yilmazlar et Al, 2004 ) and non merely diverts blood off from the tissues it should provide, but can besides increase intracranial force per unit area, damaging other countries. Ischemic shot is the most common signifier of vascular malfunction and is frequently caused by thrombotic accretions barricading blood supply to critical parts ( Sims and Muyderman, 2010 ) . If such an episode was to happen in the basilar arteria providing much of the brain-stem, parts of it critical to prolonging life would be for good damaged. Occlusion or rupture of the vertebral arterias, frequently a consequence of rotational injury in the cervix, could hold similar effects ( Auer et al, 1994 ) . It is clear that the brain-stem is a important constituent of the cardinal nervous system which, if non-functional, the coordination and synchronism of the full organic structure would simple fail. It is of import, as a clinician to be able to non merely understand its importance but, besides, to appreciate the location of more indispensible countries should disease arise. By hold oning the prevailing beginnings of brain-stem pathology, rapid designation of hazard to this delicate part can be made and so cut down hurt. Mentions Auer, R.N. et Al. 2004. Delayed symptoms and decease after minor caput injury with occult vertebral arteria hurt.The Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry57, pp. 500-502. Ballantyne, D. and Scheid, P. 2000. Mammalian brain-stem chemosensitive neurones: associating them to respirationin vitro.Journal of Physiology525 ( 3 ) , pp. 567-577. Ballanyi, K. and Ruangkittisakul, A. 2009. Structure-function analysis of rhythmogenic inspiratory pre-Botzinger complex webs in graduated newborn rat brain-stem pieces.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology168, pp. 158-178. Ben-Tal, A. and Smith, J.C. 2008. A theoretical account for control of take a breathing in mammals: Matching nervous kineticss to peripheral gas exchange and conveyance.Journal of Theoretical Biology251, pp. 480-497. Crippen, D.W. 2009.Head Trauma[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-overview [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Evans, B. M. 2003. Sleep, consciousness and the self-generated and elicited electrical activity of the encephalon. Is at that place a cortical integration mechanism?Clinical Neurophysiology33, pp. 1-10 Feldman, J.L. et Al. 2003. Breathing: Rhythmicity, Plasticity, Chemosensitivity.Annual Review of Neuroscience26, pp.239-66. Goh, A.T. and Mok, Q. 2004. Clinical class and finding of brain-stem decease in a kids s infirmary.Acta paediatrica93, pp. 47-52. Gunji, H. et Al. The mechanism underlying the happening of traumatic brain-stem lesions in victims of traffic accidents.Legal Medicine4, pp. 84-89. Hirooka, Y. 2008. Role of reactive O species in brain-stem in nervous mechanisms of high blood pressure.Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical142, pp. 20-24. Hodges, M. and Richerson, G. 2008. Contributions of 5-HT nerve cells to respiratory control: Neuromodulatory and trophic effects.Respiratory Physiology A ; Neurobiology164, pp. 222-232. Hussain, S.I. et Al. 2008. Brainstem ischaemia in acute herniation syndrome.Journal of the Neurological Sciences268, pp.190-192 Kong, S. et Al. 2007. Cardiac vagal preganglionic neurones in the intermediate zone of the brain-stem in anaesthetized cats.Experimental Physiology92 ( 6 ) , pp. 1023-1028. Merker, B. 2007. Consciousness without a intellectual cerebral mantle: A challenge for neuroscience and medical specialty.Behavioral and Brain Sciences30, pp. 63-134. Nicholls, J.G. and Paton, J.F. 2009. Brainstem: nervous webs vital for life.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2447-2451. Noback, C.R. et Al. 1996.The Human Nervous System, 5th ed.A Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004.Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orlandohealth.com/pdf % 20folder/overview % 20adult % 20brain % 20injury.pdf [ Accessed: 22 January 2010 ] . Pallis, C.A. and Harley, D.H. 1996.ABC of Brainstem Death,2nd erectile dysfunction. London: Bmj Publishing Group. Parvizi, J. and Damasio, A. 2001. Consciousness and the brain-stem.Cognition79, pp. 135-159. Reynolds, K. et Al. 2003. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-analysis.JAMA289 ( 5 ) , pp. 579-588 Shewmon, D.A. 1998. Brainstem Death, Brain Death and Death: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the Purported Equivalence.Issues in Law A ; Medicine14 ( 2 ) , pp. 125-145. Shusterman, V. et Al. 2002. Direct Mechanical Stimulation of Brainstem Modulates Cardiac Rhythm and Repolarization in Humans.Journal of Electrocardiology35, pp. 247-256. Sims, N.R. and Muyderman, H. 2010. Mitochondria, oxidative metamorphosis and cell decease in shot.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta1802, pp. 80-91. Smith, L.H. and DeMyer, W.E. 2003. Anatomy of the Brainstem.Seminars in Pediatric Neurology10 ( 4 ) , pp. 235-240. Snell, R. 2010.Clinical Neuroanatomy. 7th erectile dysfunction. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Spyer, K.M. and Gourine, A A.V. 2009. Chemosensory pathways in the brain-stem commanding cardiorespiratory activity.Philosophic Minutess of the Royal Society364, pp. 2603-2610. Stan, A.C. et Al. 1996. Traumatic ponto-medullary tear: a instance study.Forensic Science International77, pp. 37-43. St.-John, W.M. 1998. Neurogenesis of forms of automatic ventilatory activity.Advancement in Neurobiology56, pp. 97 to 117. Thomas, T. 2000. 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My Sisters Keeper Book Club Discussion Questions

My Sister's Keeper Book Club Discussion Questions My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult presents a lot of questions for book clubs to discuss. These book club discussion questions on My Sisters Keeper will allow your book club to delve into the issues Picoult raises about family, science and doing the right thing in a hard situation. Book Club Discussion Questions  for My Sisters Keeper Spoiler warning: These book club discussion questions reveal important details about My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult. (Finish the book before reading on!) Reread the prologue to My Sisters Keeper. Who is speaking? Is that who you thought was speaking the first time you read it?My Sisters Keeper is told from many different viewpoints. Why do you think Jodi Picoult wrote it this way? How did hearing from each character change your opinions of them and of the situation?Do you think Sara is a good mother? Do you sympathize with her? How does her martyrdom affect the rest of the family?Discuss the consequences of the trial other than the ruling. In what ways does it force people to deal with issues in their relationships? Sara and Brian? Anna and her parents? Julia and Campbell?Why does Jesse burn things? Is Jesse the opposite of his firefighter father or are they similar? In what ways?Discuss the ways each family member copes with their situation. How are each of their identities affected by Kate? How does this affect Kate?Why did Kate ask Anna to sue for medical emancipation? Was Anna right to listen to her wishes?Do you think it is ethic al to have a designer baby like Anna was? The epilogue talks about how the family moved on. How did they grieve? How did they survive? In what ways did Anna give life back to all of them, not just Kate?Rate My Sisters Keeper on a scale of 1 to 5.

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