Analysis Of Inclusive Leadership And Organizational Culture

Analysis of Inclusive Leadership A corporation in the United States began a major expansion project, moving into the international markets of Germany, Iran, Singapore, and Greece. My participation in this initiative centralized on leading the Inclusive Leadership Team (ILT), whose task included investigating the suitability of the inclusive leadership model for this effort. To facilitate the appropriate incorporation of inclusive leadership in this global effort, I led the ILT in determining the application of inclusive leadership for the reinforcement of the organizational culture. The ILT established the fitness of inclusive leadership for facilitating the development of a global organization by scrutinizing the attributes of inclusive†¦show more content†¦These traits in turn, generate an attitude of value amongst team members (Carmeli et al., 2010). One example of this effect occurred in a cardiac care facility in New England (Fitzpatrick, 2004). In this setting, the inc lusive leadership style showed positive results when several care units shared one director, changing the care environment from strictly departmental dynamics, to one where patient care was the focus (Fitzpatrick, 2004). The nurses gained mutual respect for specialized skills, and a team mentality grew as a result. By adopting this leadership model, the management took a more global view, and abandoned the â€Å"us/them† thinking, preferring the â€Å"we† philosophy (Fitzpatrick, 2004). By its name, inclusive leadership relies on all who are part of the team, capitalizing on mutual relationships that benefit both the leader and the team member (Hollander, 2012). Accomplishing goals with those on the team, rather than merely giving assignments presents a fundamental contrast between inclusive leadership and top-down configurations (Hollander, 2012). The comradery established between the leader and team member encourages a two-way relationship based on respect, responsiveness, responsibility, and recognition (Hollander, 2012). Effective leadership comes with the leader’s attention directed toward the needs and interests of the team

I want to Accompany the Space Shuttle Mission - 723 Words

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Case Study of Cairns at Heron Queensland Australia

Question: Discuss about theCase Study of Cairnsat Heron Queensland Australia. Answer: Introduction The Aboriginal are considered the indigenous people in Australia. There were 670000 Aboriginal people in 2011 and are estimated to grow to 721000 by the year 2012. They form 3% of the total Australian population. Queensland has 4.2% population of the Aboriginal people. This is second to Northern Territory that has 29.8% of the total Aboriginal population. The population of Aboriginal has a growth rate of 2.2% per year (McKennitt, 2012). The Aboriginal people are known of smoking tobacco that has lead to high mortality and morbidity for the community. Smoking of tobacco has been generally accepted in the society that has caused health complications like diabetes, cancer and blood pressure [1, 7, 18]. This project will outline the prevalence and the factors that contribute to the state of smoking among the Aboriginal people in Queensland. This will help health organizations and the government to offer assistance and interventions to reduce adverse effect of smoking in Australia. Significance of the Project According to the Australian government department of Heath, Smoking costs Australia AU$31.5 per year. This includes expenses in health and economic costs. It also records that smoking is responsible for 15000deaths per year in Australia (Korff, 2016). It is estimated that 34.9% of the Aboriginal people smoke by 2015. These levels are high compared to the rest of the Australian population where it 12.9% only. The government has been pursing it goal of reducing smoking among Aboriginal by half from 46% in 2008 to 23% by 2018[2,3,9]. This shows that if the in place mechanisms are continued, the government will not reach it objective. Therefore, this project will seek to get statistics and factors that contribute to high percentage of smoking among Aboriginal people and recommend better interventions mechanisms to improve the situation and attain the government goal by 2018. Statement of the Problem Aboriginal people have suffered adversely as a result of smoking. The rate of smoking of Aboriginal to non Aboriginal in Australia is double (Korff, 2016) [11]. This had led to high health complications among the Aboriginal people that add up to 1500deads each year in Australia and cost the economy AU$ 31.5 billion. The smoking percentage among Aboriginal is expected to decrease to 23% by the year 2018. Smoking of Tobacco is ranked as the cause of the big diseases in the Aboriginal society. 75% of the Aboriginal people have the knowledge of the harm that smoking caused (McKennitt, 2012) [12]. Even with the knowledge, it seemed that it did not influence their smoking habit. Reduction in the percentage of smokers will reduce the health diseases associated with smoking. The research with seek to determine how low income, unemployment and culture inhabiting reduction of smoking among Aboriginal people in Queensland for the past five years. The research will analyze both qualitative data and qualitative data to quantify factors leading to high prevalence levels of smokers among Aboriginals. A sample size of 300 Aboriginal people will be randomly chosen of 14 years and above. Literature Review This section reviews the studies that have been carried in the past that relates to low income, unemployment and culture and abuse of a drug in a society. Low Income When there is Low income in a society, there emerge social problems for both small children and adults which lead to substance abuse. According to a journal published by ICFI in 2013, it showed that children from low income earning families were likely to six times drop out of school. The research concluded that students were likely to engage in other activities and never went back to school. This state, they lack knowledge on how to maintain their health. Khara(2013) argued that parents who earned low income were subject to non-standardized schedules limiting time spend with their children. Parents were not available to offer guidance to their children. This led to children indulging into negative activities in the society. A study by Centre Social Policy showed that children from low income families were forced to work at early age [5]. They were pushed to adulthood at early age and this led them to adopt adult behaviors to fit in the system. These behavior included smoking to be s eem by the society as grown up. Unemployment Unemployment increases the rate of drug abuse. According to Rachael (2014), unemployment heightens the probability of an individual to consume alcohol or smoke that lead to addition [4,8,18]. He concluded that when the job decreased there is an increase in drug intake. She analyzed and found that 18.1% of unemployed people were using drug compared to 9% of the employed counterpart. In another research by Kurtz in 2013, she found that one person in every six unemployed citizen abused drugs in New York. According to NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health), 17% of the jobless adults were affected by drug intake in USA [10,11]. French (2009) concluded that people who were unemployed were undergoing hard times in their life. He said that unemployed people would lack enough money to buy drugs but had a lot of idle time that led them to using drugs. He also noted that it was not possible to fight drug abuse in a society while the rate of unemployment was high. Culture According to Dwight Health, culture refers to systems that an individual conform to and shapes the persons behavior. Culture is as a result of shared beliefs. It guides individuals in a group on how to act on certain issues. Horvath et al (2016) indicated that embracing a culture made an individual vulnerable to addition if the society is characterized by drugs. They established that a society faced with the same cultural history is likely to suffer devastation leading to continued abuse of drugs. They gave a case study of how Native Americans abuse alcohol due to the suffering they suffered while their land was taken in the process of colonization. OLeary noted in his research that lifestyle appeal, sense of belonging, relief and bonding experience contributed to an individual drug addiction process. He concluded that cultures that view drugs as an avenue for interaction facilitated new members becoming addicts. Jiloha (2009) established that in a culture where both parents abused drugs, their children were twice likely to indulge in drug abuse and non drug abusing parents.. He noted that for mothers smoking, their female children will be smokers. He also concluded that in societies where e children were poorly monitored were likely to abuse drugs [6,19] . This was influenced by family structure. Westermeyer in 2004 recorded in a case study of Native Alkali community where alcohol consumption intervention was successful from 95% to 5% within 10 years by changing the traditions and values of the people [19]. He concluded that revitalization of drug abuse tradition is the only solution to changing and reducing prevalence of drugs in communities faced with drug culture. Project Aim The general aim of the project is to quantify the prevalence and factors contributing to smoking among the people Aboriginal in Cairns-At Heron Queensland Australia for the past five years. This general aim is broken down into specific aims as follows; Determine how low income increase smoking among Aboriginals population Determine how unemployment contribute to smoking among aboriginals people in Cairns-AT Heron Investigate how Aboriginals culture contributes to smoking Recommend to government on appropriate intervention methods to enable attain it Tobacco reduction goal. Research Questions RQ1: Is it that the low income earning among the Aboriginal people of Cairns AT Heron that contribute to high percentages of smoking compared to non Indigenous Australians? RQ2: Is it the high levels of unemployment in Cairn AT Heron that has contributed to high smoking percentages among Aboriginal people? RQ3: Is it the Aboriginal culture in Cairns-AT Heron that facilitates its people to smoking? Research Design This project will be an explanatory research. It will seek to offer explanation of the factors contributing the high levels of smoking among Aboriginal people. The project will analyze the level of income of Aboriginal residing in Cairn-AT Heron Queensland to get the relationship between the income and smoking. This will offer an explanation of how level of income relates to smoking of individuals in a society. The project will also analyze the level of unemployment to understand how levels of unemployment contribute to unemployment. Lastly, the research project will scrutinize the culture and the belief that for patterns of behavior of Aboriginal people to establish if it contributes to the high percentage of smoking among Aboriginal people living in Cairn-At Heron Queensland. Sampling and Recruitment The project is aimed at generalizing the factors contributing to smoking among the whole population of Aboriginal people living in Cairns-At Heron. According to 2011 census, the population of Aboriginal people in Cairn is 14649 (Thomas, 2013)[12,14]. A sample size of 300 people will be randomly picked. This will involve use of a simple random sampling technique to avoid biasness in the sample selected for the project. Data Collection Methods Data to be used in the research project will comprise both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be collected directly from the sample size selected through questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data will be collected from government departments and other agencies with recorded data about the Aboriginal people. Questionnaires will be administered to the sampled individuals representing the total population of Aboriginals people living in Cairns. These individuals will be required to fill a structured questionnaire to provide the required data for the project. Interviews will be conducted by the research assistance on few selected individuals and groups of individuals. Interviews will be recorded on tape and video camera then written down for analysis. Research assistants will be used to collect the data throughout the Cairns Town and arrange it for analysis. Data Analysis and Procedures The data collected will be analyzed through inferential and descriptive methods. Income and unemployment levels will be measured by central tendency, dispersion and range. This analysis will provide the mean, medium and mode of the data that will have been collected. To find the correlation of the factors being tested and the topic under study, an econometric model will be run. The econometric model will show how the dependent variable relates to the independent variables being discussed. It will also show to what extent the variables discussed in this project contribute to the smoking of tobacco among the Aboriginal people in Cairns. S= Where; S is the number of smoking people -The intercept -The level of income - Level of Unemployment U Is the error term From the economic model above, the data collected in the collection process will be run in this model. It is the information from this model that will be used to discuss the result of the project. The relationship will be outlined by this model. Ethical Issues The following will be the ethical issues related to the research project; Informed consent: this will involve the relationship between the research assistance and the individuals participating in the research. The research assistance will ensure that the individuals participating are not force and are ready to provide relevant information. Asking people to provide information based on their ethnicity will lead to a challenge where people feel intimidated by such discriminations. Therefore, voluntary participation will be upheld to ensure that the research is conducted in an ethical manner. Confidentiality of the data collected: The research will be conducted in with great respect of confidential information of the participants. Data about income will be kept confidential throughout the research. Individual or household earnings will not be exposed to a third party. This will avoid participants from hiding some information that they feel it confidential. Privacy: The research will be conducted with a respect for privacy of the individual participating. The identity of the participating individuals will be kept anonymous. Therefore, individuals participating will be able to courageously provide the inquired information by the research assistance. This will enhance quality of the data collected from the research project. Interfering with the privacy is likely to cause conflict among the people after the research has been conducted. Dissemination of the Findings The finding reached in this research projects will be directed to government agencies, health organizations and people of Aboriginal living in Cairns. The message to my Targeted audience will be designed in a simple, clear and concise manner to ensure that it understood and meets the predetermined goal. To the government Agencies ire the department of Health, Tobacco Control Department etc will be written a formal letter addressing the finding and the proposed intervention. Disseminating information to the government Agencies will enable the government use the findings to improve their intervention strategies and attain their goals of reducing smoking among Aboriginal by 23% by 2018. Disseminating findings to health organizations working with the Aboriginal people will enable them treat the root cause of high levels of smoking rather than the symbols. This will make these organizations effective in offering services to the people of Aboriginal origin. And lastly is disseminating the finding to the Aboriginal people. These findings will help the Aboriginal individuals struggling to avoid being addicts by behavioral patterns to avoid. It will also assist parents give guidance to their children on how to lead better life that is tobacco free. Generally, the information will be disseminated to the health organizations websites and advertised on national TVs to create awareness and spread the information from the research project. This strategy will ensure that majority of the people both the Aboriginals and non Indigenous get the finding of the research as soon as it has been published. References French , M.(2009) .8-4-smoking-among-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-isl - Tobacco In Australia. (2016). org.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-8-aptsi/8-4-smoking-among-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-isl Akosile, W. (2015). Tobacco plain packaging and smoking rates in Australia. Australasian Psychiatry, 23(1), 84-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856214563849 Burki, T. (2014). Tobacco smoking declines in Australia. The Lancet Oncology, 15(10), e418. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70349-3 Department of Health | Tobacco Control key facts and figures. (2016). gov.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/tobacco-kff Ekpu, Brown, A. (2015). The Economic Impact of Smoking and of Reducing Smoking Prevalence: Review of Evidence. TUI, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.4137/tui.s15628 Gould, G. Watters, T. (2014). Are Single-session Smoking Cessation Groups a Feasible Option for Rural Australia? Outcomes From a Pilot Study. Smok Cessat, 10(02), 135-140. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2014.4 Horvath, G., Mark,H.,John,Z., et al (2016)Prevalence of smokingadults - Tobacco In Australia. (2016). org.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-1-prevalence/1-3-prevalence-of-smoking-adults Healey, J. (2001). Smoking. Rozelle, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Jiloha, T., (2009). Aboriginal communities and smoking - Tobacco and Smoking. nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/tobacco/Pages/aboriginal-communities-smoking.aspx Khara, M.,(2013) High smoking rates among Aboriginal community cause financial hardship. BMJ, 324(7349), 1296d-1296. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7349.1296/d Korff, J. (2016). Aboriginal population in Australia. Creative Spirits. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from https://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/people/aboriginal-population-in-australia McKennitt,. (2012). Does a Culturally Sensitive Smoking Prevention Program Reduce Smoking Intentions among Aboriginal Children? A Pilot Study. American Indian And Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 19(2), 55-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.1902.2012.55 Milne, E. (2005). NHS smoking cessation services and smoking prevalence: observational study. BMJ, 330(7494), 760-760. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38407.755521.f7 Mohsin, M. Bauman, A. (2005). Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-138 Ohida, T. (2001). Smoking Prevalence and Attitudes Toward Smoking Among Japanese Physicians. JAMA, 285(20), 2643. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.20.2643 Retnakaran, R. (2005). Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular risk factors among Aboriginal Canadian youths. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(8), 885-889. https://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.045159 Ritchie, A. Reading, J. (2004). Tobacco smoking status among Aboriginal youth. International Journal Of Circumpolar Health, 63(0). https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v63i0.17945 Thomas, D. (2013). Changes in smoking intensity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 19942008. The Medical Journal Of Australia, 198(9), 479. https://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja12.11839 Westermeyer, K., (2004).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians and tobacco. Retrieved 27 October 2016, from

Research Critique free essay sample

When critiquing a research paper, you are evaluating the research and the argument made by the author. To evaluate a research article, one will need to look at what the author is claiming, their research methods, and any problems there might be with the claims made. Are the references in the article reliable? What process did the researchers use? Do the researchers show bias with their findings? There are many questions to ask and many elements to look at when critiquing a research paper. This paper will critique two different research articles; one qualitative and one quantitative. The quantitative article, The Effects of Crossed Leg on Blood Pressure Measurement, attempts to determine whether a patient crossing their legs at the knee during a reading will have an effect on the reading in any way. The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy, the qualitative study, interviewed patients before and after having awake craniotomy surgery to gain understanding of their experience, thoughts, and feelings surrounding the surgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Critique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Title The qualitative research title identifies the key phenomenon and the group they are studying. For this study, they wanted to document the experience of patients who have had an awake craniotomy. The title explains this well. The quantitative study has a title that identifies the key variables, however, the title does not mention a specific population for the study. Abstract â€Å"A conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied. An operational definition specifies procedures required to measure a variable† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 69). The conceptual and operational definitions of the quantitative research article are congruent because the researchers clarify their concept and explain how they will be measures as well as the operations performed to measure the concept. The abstract of this article clearly summarizes the problem, methods, results, and conclusions. The qualitative study has an abstract that clearly and concisely summarizes the main features of the article. The abstract explains that the features of the study will include the patient’s experience prior to, during, and the recovery phase following awake craniotomy. Both abstracts mention the problem that lead to their study, the purpose of their study, some background information, information surrounding the study, and a thesis statement. Purpose Statement â€Å"The purpose statement establishes the study’s general direction and captures its essence. It is usually easy to identify a purpose statement because the word purpose is explicitly statesstated† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 79). Both the qualitative and the quantitative studies have a purpose statement that is clearly and concisely stated. A quantitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the study variables, possible relationship, and the population of interest for the study. The quantitative article establishes the purpose statement as determining the effect of a patient having their legs crossed while having their blood pressure measured. The statement does not mention a population of interest. Since the statement uses the word determine in the purpose statement, it indicates this is an experimental type of study. A qualitative study will have a purpose statement that identifies the concept and the group, or setting being studied. The qualitative studied being critiqued for this paper states outright that the study is a phenomenological one, but that can also be indicated by the purpose statement because it contains the word experience. The article’s purpose statement identifies the concept as being the experience of the patient, and the setting or population being before and after an awake craniotomy. Problem Statement â€Å"A problem statement articulates the problem and describes the need for a study through the development of an argument† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Every study needs to have a problem statement for readers to understand what the problem is and why it was important to research. The problem is â€Å"an enigmatic or troubling condition† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 73). Problem statements for qualitative studies address the problem, as well as information needed to address the problem. The problem identified in the qualitative study identifies that there is very little documented about a patient’s feelings, thoughts, or approach to a surgery like an awake craniotomy without an anesthetic. Qualitative studies are often done when a topic is poorly understood and researchers want to develop a better understanding. This problem has significance for nursing because it will help nurses better understand how this type of procedure affects a patient emotionally. The problem statement identifies what is wrong with the current situation, what the reader needs to understand, and knowledge gaps relating to the problem. This knowledge will contribute to the nurse’s ability to provide holistic patient care. Quantitative studies usually focus on concepts that can be measured. There are six components to a problem statement and quantitative studies usually have most of them covered(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 82). The problem statement for this quantitative study identifies that there are many things that can influence a blood pressure reading, but there has been no consistency about whether a patient’s feet should be flat on the floor during measurement. This statement identifies the problem, identifies what the reader needs to understand, how big the problem of inaccurate blood pressure measurement is, the consequence of inaccurate measurements, what is lacking, and what the study could contribute to a solution. This problem has significance because accurate blood pressure measurement is crucial to the diagnosis of hypertension, as well as parameters for giving blood pressure medications. Hypothesis/Research Question Research questions are sometimes a rewording of the purpose statement into a question. Some researchers only have research questions without a purpose statement. â€Å"Research questions for qualitative studies state the phenomenon of interest and the group or population of interest† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 81). A hypothesis that is worded clearly and in present tense is an ideal hypothesis. Qualitative studies do not have hypotheses because there is not enough information to make a prediction, and because they want the participants to guide the inquiry. There are no hypotheses or research questions in the quantitative study. The study states that they would like to determine if there is a relationship because prior research was inconsistent about keeping feet flat during blood pressure measurement, but there are no actual questions worded in the study. The independent variable in this study is a participants legs being crossed at the knee. The dependent variable in this study is blood pressure readings. Researchers without a hypothesis are prepared to accept any results, but one can almost always explain superficial findings, no matter what they are. â€Å"Hypotheses guard against superficiality and minimize the risk that spurious results will be misconstrued† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 84). Literature Review The literature review for both studies is included at the beginning of each research paper. â€Å"Literature review in the introduction to a report provides readers with an overview of existing evidence, and contribute to the argument for the new study† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 95). With a thorough literature review, researchers can determine how best to make a contribution to evidence already found. This could include finding gaps in current research, or if performing a study again on a new population would be the next step. The literature review for the qualitative study includes two sources. The sources were from 1988 and 2005, while this article came out in 2008. The 2005 source is recent. The 1988 source is not so recent, but was relevant to the study because it helped to address the fact that there is a lack of exploration for the patient’s feeling surrounding an awake craniotomy. The quantitative study uses mostly primary sources in the literature review. This study was published in 1998 with the literature review sources ranging from 1984-1998. Sources used in this review are studies about the proper technique for measuring blood pressure, things that affect blood pressure readings, and suggestions to help prevent symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. The literature review provides a basis for the study because it supports the claims that there is inconsistency about whether feet should be kept flat on the floor while measuring blood pressure, and whether it would skew measurements if legs were crossed. Theoretical Framework â€Å"A framework is the overall conceptual underpinnings of a study. Not every study is based on a formal theory or conceptual model, but every study has a framework—that is, a conceptual rationale† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 128). If the study is based on a theory, the framework is a theoretical framework. According to Polit Beck, 2012, framework in nursing studies are often implied and not acknowledged or explained. â€Å"In most qualitative studies, the frameworks are part of the research tradition in which the study is embedded†(Polit Beck, 2012, p. 130). Although a phenomenologist tries to keep their preconceptions in check, they are still guided by a framework or philosophy that focuses on a certain aspect of a person’s life. The framework used by phenomenologists is based on the belief that human experience is property of the experience itself, not an outside observer. This is exactly how this study went. The study focused on the patient and what they were experiencing surrounding their procedure to have an awake craniotomy. The researchers explained that there had been no documentation that someone had tried to explore the experience from the patient’s point of view, so these researchers did that. Quantitative research has many approaches to theoretical frameworks. â€Å"The classic approach is to test hypotheses deduced from an existing theory† (Polit Beck, 2012, p. 140). The quantitative study does not seem to follow a theoretical framework. They state in the beginning that there are many things that can affect a blood pressure reading, and then continue on to say that research has not been consistent in whether feet should be flat on the floor. This study could lead to the formation of hypothesis, or even a null hypothesis, regarding the effects of crossed legs on blood pressure readings. Theories derived from this study could include, crossed legs will increase/decrease blood pressure readings, or crossed legs have no effect on a blood pressure reading. As tests are conducted, these theories would either be confirmed or deconfirmed and new theories can be made based on the results. The quantitative study could have been made stronger by identifying a specific population in the title and purpose statements. It leaves the reader wondering where the study might go. It was not explained how they chose to only use men for the study. It was not explained how they chose to divide up the two groups of 50 participants each. The researchers could have made it clear to the readers as to why they chose the population that they did. They did, however, point out that further studies would need to be conducted on more populations to conclude a relationship. There were no hypotheses made in this quantitative study. Their argument would have been made stronger having had one, or had a null hypothesis to refute. The literature review didn’t have many recent articles, but it helped to prove their point that there was not enough evidence to support whether feet should be flat on the floor during blood pressure measurement. With a hypothesis and more detail about some aspects of the research process, this study would have been much stronger. The qualitative study did a great job of hitting the required points. They clearly identified each aspect of the study and how it would be conducted. Since this is a qualitative study, there are no hypotheses to critique. The researchers included an abundance of responses from their interviews with the participants to allow the readers to understand the experience surrounding their surgery through them, because that was the purpose of the study. Although a weak point in this study is the literature review not being very lengthy, as with the quantitative study, it also made a strong point for the researcher’s point that no one has explored the feelings of these specific patients. Overall, both the qualitative and quantitative were strong research studies. They both possess most of the required aspects needed for a research study to be credible. If important parts of the research process were left out, such as the literature review, process for finding the population of study, process for collecting data, etc, the study’s credibility could be called into question.